A Focus on the Different Economic Principles and Theories of John M Term Paper

A Focus on the Different Economic Principles and Theories of John M. Keynes - Term Paper Example Keynesian economic principles promote mixed economies in which both the state as well as the private sector will play significant roles. The emergence of Keynesian economics closed the curtain on laissez-faire economics that were based on the idea that markets as well as the private sectors could be able to operate independently without government intervention (Keynes, 1936). Keynesian economists believe in the government's role to level the business environment. State intervention may take the form of tax breaks and government spending with a view of stimulating the economy. In good economic times, government expenditure cuts as well as tax hikes would help curb inflation (Blinder, 2006). This paper advances Keynes’s theory that the best way to ensure economic stability and growth is by active government intervention in the marketplace and monetary policy. Keynesian Principles Keynes differed with the Classical economic theories posing various arguments to disapprove them. Basically, Keynes believed that markets could not automatically attain full-employment equilibrium, but rather, the economy would settle in equilibrium at any given level of unemployment (Blinder, 2006). This implies that the classical principles of non-intervention by government would not apply. For the economy to grow in the correct direction, it would require prodding and this means active government intervention in order to manage the demand level. The Keynesian principles are illustrated on the basis of circular income flow. In case of disequilibrium between income injections and leakages, then, according to classical economists, prices would move to appropriately restore the equilibrium. However, Keynes principles that the output level (National Income) will adjust appropriately in attempt to restore equilibrium (Keynes, 1936). For instance, if, for some reason, there is a rise in income injections, say due to increased government expenditure, an imbalance would result between injections and leakages. Following the resulting extra aggregate demand, firms will tend to employ more persons and this would result in more income within the economy. Some of this income could be spent while some would be saved or remitted in tax. The extra expenditure is likely to prompt most of the firms in that economy to increase their production further creating even more employment opportunities and in turn increasing income within the economy. This process will continue until it finally comes to a stop. It would finally stop since with every increase in income, leakages’ levels also increase (tax, savings and imports). When income injections finally equal the leakages, equilibrium will be restored. This process, according to Keynes is referred to as the Multiplier effect (Blinder, 2006). Keynesian Theories Keynes suggested that it was not a perfect idea to rely on market s in order to attain full employment in the economy. He believed strongly in his view that economies can settle at any given equilibrium. As a result, there couldn’t be automatic changes that could correct equilibrium in the markets. The main theories used to justify the Keynesian view are: The labor market theory (the monetarist theory), the money market theory (market for loan-able fund theory), the Multiplier effect theory and the Keynesian Inflation Theory (Keynes, 1936). Monetarist Theory: The Labor Market To Keynes, wage determination is more complex. First, he pointed out that it nominal wages but not real wages that are often subjected to negotiations between workers and their employers such as in barter relationship. In the first place, it is very difficult to effect nominal wage cuts due

Importance of Wearing a Condom Essay Example for Free

Importance of Wearing a Condom Essay The aim of using a condom is to ensure that there is no contact between the sexual fluids that come from a man’s penis and the sexual fluids, blood or ‘lining’ inside his partner’s body (vagina or anus). Using a condom prevents transmission of sexually transmitted diseases/illnesses (STIs) – from man to woman and from woman to man or from man to man. Using a condom prevents unwanted pregnancy and allows couples to plan when they have children. If used correctly, a condom stops HIV passing from an infected person (who may not know he or she is infected) to an uninfected person. Condoms can also stop someone with HIV being re-infected with the virus. Without a condom, STIs and HIV can pass from one body to another – man or woman. During penetrative intercourse without a condom (in other words, where sexual fluids mix as a result of contact between genitals), a man’s body can pick up HIV from an infected partner – or a woman’s body can pick up HIV from an infected partner. Condom use is always crucial because HIV and some other STIs have no symptoms – they are invisible. Another advantage is that condoms delay ejaculation, increasing the length of penetrative sexual intimacy and pleasure. Many people have already contracted HIV. Using condoms correctly can protect them from re-infection and from increasing their viral load. Condoms also keep their partners or spouses safe from infection during intercourse. Condoms, used properly and with confidence (every time): * Can prevent (re-)infection from many STIs, including HIV. * Can protect fertility (some STIs, with few evident symptoms, can cause infertility in women and men). * Can enable you to plan pregnancy – or prevent it. * Can help you avoid anxiety and risk and let you choose health, safe pleasure and to care for your body (whatever sex you are) and for your partner’s body (whatever sex they are).

Development of memory in infancy

Development of memory in infancy Discuss, with reference to appropriate experimental studies, the development of memory in infancy. Memory is the process of encoding, storing and retrieving information. Encoding is the acquiring and the entering of information into the system. Storage is the retaining of the memories over time, and retrieval is recovering the stored memories when required to do so. Memory consists of three systems. Firstly there is the sensory memory, which is the perceptual system which stores only the recently acquired images for long enough to integrate it with the next, therefore producing an apparent motion. Secondly there is short-term memory that is a temporary storage for small quantities of information for a brief time. Finally the long-term memory system holds relatively permanent information. Studying the development of memory in infancy has many benefits, as it helps to show how memory develops over time. This knowledge from research can be applied to different settings, for example an educational setting, where the more a teacher understands about the memory development of children the more they can use this information to guide childrens learning therefore giving the best possible learning outcomes. This essay will discuss the strategies used to help with encoding, storing and retrieving information. To help compare the development of infants memory, studies with older children have been included. Memory strategies are the ways in which people effectively remember information. These strategies include encoding strategies and retrieval strategies. Encoding strategies are used to help enter the information into the memory; this can include rehearsal, organisation and elaboration. Rehearsal refers to the mental repetition of information. Brainerd and Reynas (2002) fuzzy trace theory suggests there are two memory representations. These are verbatim trace and gist trace. The verbatim trace refers to remembering information exactly, whereas gist trace is remembering the general meaning of the information. The gist trace representations last, but the verbatim trace representations leads to more forgetting. Flavell, Beach and Chinsky (1966) studied rehearsal in 5 year, 7 year and 10 year olds. Each age group had 20 children, who were all given a set of 7 pictures. The children were told to try and remember some of the pictures. After a 15 seconds gap, the children were asked to say al oud the pictures they could recall. During the 15 seconds gap a lip reader assessed what they believed each children might have been saying to themselves. They found that two of the 5 year olds, more than half of the 7 year olds, and most of the 10 year olds repeated the pictures to themselves. It was found that rehearsal lead to better recall. Flavell et al. (1966) found that age differences may show the development of strategies used, such as rehearsal. Although some of the children may have been using rehearsal strategies, but may not have moved their lips. McGilly and Siegler (1990) carried out an extension on Flavell et al.s (1966) study, by also asking children to report how they remembered the pictures. They found a high amount of children (74%) reported using rehearsal strategies. However only 39% were observed, by lip reading techniques, using rehearsal strategies. Therefore suggesting that children of all ages use rehearsal, however it may not be as effectively used in you nger children (Smith, Cowie Blades, 2003). This would explain age differences in recall in Flavell et al.s (1966) study. Ornstein, Naus and Liberty (1975) compared the rehearsal strategies of 7 year olds and adults. Participants were given a word to remember every 5 seconds, and asked to say aloud what they were thinking. They found that children repeated the word until the next word was given, then they would repeat the next word. Whereas adults repeated the word until they were given the second word, then they would repeat both words. Therefore showing that adults effectively used organization, but 7 year old children did not use this at all. This is important in showing that children use rehearsal strategies, but they lack the knowledge of how to effectively use such strategies. A study by Naus, Ornstein and Aivano (1977) taught 8 year olds a strategy of rehearsing in groups of three. They found that the 8 year olds could recall the same amount as 12 year olds, after being taught the chunking strategy. Therefore younger children can do this, but the organization of rehearsal does not occur naturally at these ages. Organisation, or chunking, is the grouping of information in an effective way to help with encoding. Moely, Olson, Halwes Flavell (1969) showed children a set of pictures that were in a random order in laid out in front of them. The set included pictures of animals and furniture, for example. The children were instructed to learn all the pictures and if it helped them they were allowed to rearrange the pictures. It was found that the children of 10 years and older had effectively used organisation strategies, as 10 year olds had categorised pictures according to whether it was an animal, or a piece of furniture, etc. As with rehearsal strategies, the younger children were not effectively using the organisation strategy. The children use this strategy, but do not seem to have developed knowledge of how it is best to be used, like the older children had. Elaboration is the strategy when people make associations between given information to help with encoding and the subsequent recall of this information. Foley, Wilder, McCall and Van Vorst (1993) gave 6 and 9 year olds verbal images to help them to recall pairs of words. The childrens recall was better if the image was basic, yet memorable. Pressley and Levin (1980) found that children of 7 years could use elaboration if an effective image was given with the pair of words, of which one was English and the other was its Spanish equivalent. This led to children learning the words better. Therefore children can use elaboration as an encoding strategy when given support, but the use of elaboration by themselves had not yet developed fully. As Buckhalt, Mahoney and Paris (1976) found when children first begin to use elaborations they use simple, static elaboration, whereas older children use active elaborations. Active elaborations are images that are distinctive and therefore remembered better, allowing for a better recall. Leichtman and Ceci (1995) studied the reliability of childrens testimony. The study was set in a preschool, where a stranger, Sam Stone, came in for a day. Some of the children were then given suggestive interviews every week for four weeks after. All of the children were interviewed on the fifth week, by a new interviewer, who had not seen Sam Stone or any of the previous interviews. The children were firstly asked for a report of what happened on the day of Sam Stones visit, and then asked questions. The leading questions had led a high majority of the 3-4 year olds to make false claims, although the 5-6 year olds were less likely to do this. Therefore younger childrens encoding is effected by what is inferred by other people, for example the leading questions in Leichtman and Cecis (1995) study inferred that Sam Stone had done something wrong, this lead to 72% of the 3-4 year olds saying he had done it, and 44% even claiming to have seen him do it. The older children were not affe cted by the leading questions as much, therefore showing that the encoding for the older children may have been better as they felt secure in what they could recall. Retrieval strategies are the ways in which people recall information from long-term memory. Kreutzer, Leonard and Flavell (1975) studied how 5 and 10 year olds would retrieve information from long-term memory. They used a story and asked the children how they could remember the answer. Kreutzer et al. (1975) found all 10 year olds could think of one way at least, whereas only half the 5 year olds could do this. Therefore the 5 year olds had not all developed effective retrieval strategies. Kobasigawa (1974) used 24 pictures, from 8 categories, for children of 6, 8 and 11 years of age to learn. Along with the pictures the children were shown 8 cue cards, one for each category. Later on the children were shown the cue cards and asked to recall the earlier pictures. A third of the 6 year olds used the cue cards, whereas most of the older groups did this. The 11 year olds only effectively used the cue cards, by using them to help name all the pictures they could remember from that catego ry. The 6 and 8 year olds who used the cue cards, only named one picture from each category. Therefore suggesting that the 6 year olds had not developed the knowledge of how to use cue cards. The 8 year olds knew to use the cue cards, but they didnt know exactly how to use them. Therefore full knowledge of the usefulness of cue cards must develop later on, as the 11 year olds could use them effectively. Retrieval cues, such as cue cards, are strong aids to recall, according to Nelson (1990) people have no early memories because verbal cues are used as retrieval cues. Simcock and Hayne (2002) assessed the language skills of infants of 27, 33 and 39 months, and then tested the infants verbally and non-verbally. The infants were then tested on their recall at 6 or 12 months later. Simcock and Hayne (2002) found retention on both verbal and non-verbal recall, however non-verbal memory recall was better than verbal. They also found that verbal recall reflected the verbal abilities at the time of encoding, therefore showing that encoding is important in the recall of information. Overall many of the basic processes are seen at birth, and are crucial from the early days. Memory strategies develop from the second year, but only become predominant between 5 to 7 years old, these strategies include rehearsal, organisation and elaboration. With age comes the development of quality, frequency, flexibility and the effective use of these strategies. Changes in the efficiency with age of encoding can be seen, as at the age of 2-5 years children can hold from 2 to 4 pieces of information in short-term memory, and at 7 years this is increased to 5 pieces of information. This is through the effective use of rehearsal, as this helps the child to become better at registering information as well as organising it and therefore helping to make storage and retrieval easier. Meta-cognitive skills refer to knowing that you know. Implicit knowledge of meta-cognition skills can be seen later on in infancy, whereas explicit knowledge develops from the age of 5 to 15. In general children under-report, therefore specific questioning leads to greater reporting and prevents the information from decay. To increase retrieval of information in infants it is important to encourage them to think deeply about what they are being asked to remember (Butler, Gross Hayne, 1995). The phrasing of the question can clearly lead children into the answer they think the interviewer wants, as Leichtman and Cecis (1995) study has shown. An important area to study in memory is forgetting, as a lot can be learnt about memory from what is not remembered as well as what is. For example, Hartshorn et al. (1998) found that infants aged between 2 and 18 months exhibited retention after the shortest test delays. They also found as the interval increased the younger infants were the first to forget, this is determined by experience. This study shows that forgetting is affected by experience; therefore what is remembered must also be affected by experience. Research into memory development in infants needs to take into account the biological side, as the brain is still changing and developing itself and plays a huge role in memory. References Butler, S., Gross, J., Hayne, H. (1995). The effect of drawing on memory performance in young children. Developmental Psychology, 31, p. 597-608. Brainerd, C. J., Reyna, V. F. (2002). Fuzzy-trace theory and false memory. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, p. 164-169. Buckhalt, J.A., Mahoney, G. J., Paris, S. G. (1976). Efficiency of self-generated elaborations by EMR and nonretarded children. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 81, p. 93-96. Flavell, J. H., Beach, D. R., Chinsky, J. M. (1966). Spontaneous verbal rehearsal in a memory task as a function of age. Child Development, 37, p. 283-299. Foley, M. A., Wilder, A., McCall, R., Van Vorst, R. (1993). The consequences for recall of childrens ability to generate interactive imagery in the absence of external supports. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 56, p. 173-200. Hartshorn, K., Rovee-Collier, C., Gerhardstein, P., Bhatt, R. S., Klein, P. J., Aaron, F., Wondoloski, T. L., Wurtzel, N. (1998). Developmental changes in the specificity of memory over the first year of life. Developmental Psychobiology, 33, p. 61-78. Kobasigawa, A. (1974). Utilization of retrieval cues by children in recall. Child Development, 45, p. 127-134. Kreutzer, M. A., Leonard, C., Flavell, J. H. (1975). An interview study of childrens knowledge about memory. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 40, p. 1-58. Leichtman, M., Ceci, S. (1995). The effects of stereotypes and suggestions on preschoolers reports. Developmental Psychology, 31, p. 568-578. McGilly, K., Siegler, R. S. (1990). The influence of encoding and strategic knowledge on childrens choices among serial recall strategies. Developmental Psychology, 26, p. 931-941. Moely, B. E., Olson, F. A., Halwes, T. G., Flavell, J. H. (1969). Production deficiency in young childrens clustered recall. Developmental Psychology, 1, p. 26-34. Naus, M. J., Ornstein, P. A., Aivano, S. (1977). Developmental changes in memory: The effects of processing time and rehearsal instructions. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 23, p. 237-251. Nelson, K. (1990). Remembering, forgetting, and childhood amnesia. In R. Fivush J. A. Hudson (Eds.), Knowing and remembering in young children. P. 301-306. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press. Ornstein, P. A., Naus, M. J., Liberty, C. (1975). Rehearsal and organizational processes in childrens memory. Child Development, 46, p. 818-830. Pressley, M., Levin, J. R. (1980). The development of mental imagery retrieval. Child Development, 61, p. 973-982. Simcock, G., Hayne, H. (2002). Breaking the barrier: Children do not translate their preverbal memories into language. Psychological Science, 13, p. 225-231. Smith, P. K., Cowie, H., Blades, M. (2003). Understanding Childrens Development (4th Edition). Blackwell.

Pride and Prejudice :: Pride Prejudice Essays

Pride and Prejudice In fact, Pride and Prejudice was originally entitled First Impressions. However, the novel is not only about first impressions. Although we can find the first impressions about the characters through the first few chapters, this book shows us the effects of those impressions on the individual characters--prejudices of the characters. The story almost evenly describes the defects of Fitzwilliam Darcy who show "pride" at the beginning of the novel; he speaks carelessly and insultingly to Elizabeth Bennet, and George Wickham who deceives others on purpose and conceals his truthless character. Elizabeth misunderstood both of them at first because of her prejudice. At first I have assumed that the title of this novel alludes clearly to Darcy's "pride" and Elizabeth's "prejudice." I also thought that the novel tells how Darcy and Elizabath overcome their pride and prejudice. However, I realize that this over simplifies the author's purpose. We can certainly see that Elizabeth has "pride" as much as Darcy has. She is proud of her intelligence, comprehension and independence. Actually, Darcy's pride disappears quite a bit early in this novel. By chapter 6, he is starting to change his attitudes towards her. He is humbling himself to be close to her. This shows Darcy's change: "But no sooner had he made it to clear to himself and his friends that she had hardly a good feature in her face, than he began to find it was rendered uncommonly intelligent by the beautiful expression of her dark eye" (16 page) "He began to wish to know more of her, and as a step towards conversing with her himself, attended to her conversation with others." From this point, Darcy's prejudice against Elizabeth begins to fade while her prejudice towards him still remains because he refused to dance with her at the ball. Her prejudice spreads throughout the book, and that prejudice is an outcome of her wounded pride. The main subject of this novel is courtship and marriage. Jane Austen, the author of Pride and Prejudice, shows and indirectly criticizes the 18th century England's rural society and the pride of high class through several people's marriages who are in different social position.

Impact of Public Debt Burden on Economic Growth of Bangladesh Essay

Abstract Bangladesh is relying heavily on public debt to meet the budget deficit since its independence. In this paper, the objective is to find out whether the government of Bangladesh is excessively borrowing from the public sources and thus negatively affecting the economy of the country. For this purpose GDP growth rate (GDP), manufacturing sector growth rate (MANF), investment as percentage of GDP (INV) and Export as percentage of GDP (EXP) have been selected for judging the impact of public debt burden (DB) on these variables. The study period is 1980-81 to 2011-12. Augmented Dickey-Fuller test has been used to diagnose whether the time series data are non-stationary. Granger Causality test has been performed to identify whether DB can be used for prediction of GDP, MANF, INV and EXP, and vice-versa. Then on the basis of the result of Johansen co-integration test, Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model has been used to find out the long term association between each set of variables. But, the result shows that in Bangladesh, there is no long term statistically significant association of  DB with any of the above mentioned economic indicators. Thus, it can be said that public debt burden has no positive or negative impact on the economic growth of Bangladesh. Keywords: Public Debt Burden, Economic Growth, Domestic Debt, External Debt, Johansen Co-integration, Granger Causality JEL Classification Codes: C22, H68, R42, E62, O11 1. Introduction Bangladesh, a young country burdened with scant natural resources and a burgeoning population, has always depended on loans and grants to fulfill its ambitions and thus deficit budgets have become the norm. Budget deficits are financed by- printing money, foreign borrowings and domestic borrowings and running down foreign exchange reserves. According to the economists and researchers, Bangladesh is using all four options mentioned above and reliance of Bangladesh government on foreign and domestic loans is crowding out private investments and thus stifling the economic growth. Excessive dependency on public debt will not only hamper the current economic growth but also will affect the economy negatively in the long run, as the future generations have to bear the burden of large amount of debt servicing. This study is aimed at drawing empirical evidence, whether heavy reliance on public debt in yearly budgets is hampering the economic growth of the country. There is much debate on the issue whether public borrowing has a positive or negative relationship with the economic growth of a country. According to the followers of classical school of thoughts of economics, public debt slows down the economic growth of a country and public debt should be kept as minimum as possible. However, the Keynesian economists are extremely flexible about public borrowing. The paper is arranged as follows – the first section introduces the study; the second section describes the current scenario and trends of budget deficit and public debt burden of Bangladesh; the findings of the related literature are reviewed in the third section; the fourth and fifth sections concern the research objective, models specification, sample size and sources of data and definitions of the related variables; the estimations and interpretations of the analyses are presented in the sixth section and the final section consists of a summary and conclusion of the study. 2. Literature Review A large number of studies had been conducted to identify the impact of public debt burden on the economic growth of a country across the world. In Bangladesh a several number of research studies had been done on the sustainability of public debt burden and on the crowding out effect. However in Bangladesh very few studies have been done using the Vector Auto-regressive model, to identify the impact of public debt burden on the economic growth of the country. Fosu (1996) investigated the debt overhang hypothesis by studying 13 severely indebted countries- Zambia, Venezuela, Sierra Leone, Philippines, Peru, Morocco, Mexico, Kenya, Honduras, Egypt, Ivory Coast, Argentina and Algeria. The sample period was 1971 to 1991 and the author used OLS estimation method for panel data. The author found the negative and robust relationship between investment and external debt. Qureshi & Ali (2010) analyzed the impact of high public debt burden on the economy of Pakistan. The sample of the study was 1981 to 2008. From their study a vast negative impact of public debt on the economy of Pakistan had been found by the authors. Ahmed & Shakur( 2011) performed a research to highlight the problems created by the debt (external debt) to economic growth of Pakistan. They have used the unit root test and Johansen co-integration to analyze time series data from FY 1981 to FY 2008. The Granger Causality Vector Error Correction (GCVEC) method proved unidirectional relationship between external debt and growth rate of GDP per capita. Wijeweera, Dollery & Pathberya (2005), investigated the connections between external debt servicing and economic growth in Srilanka during 1952-2002 by using co-integration methodology for the long run error correction method for the short run.they find negative impact of debt servicing on the economic growth but insignificant. Theason is that the external indebtness is not too high in Srilanka. The result indicate that Srilanka does not have a debt overhang problem and further they conclude that there is no short run relationshi between debt servicing and GNP. Hyman (2007) conducted a study on the impact of high debt burden on the economic growth of six Carribean countries. He found that the high indebtness of these small Carribean countries is causing negative economic growth rate. Ogunmuyiwa (2011) examined whether external debt actually promotes economic growth in developing countries using Nigeria as a case study. Time series data from 1970-2007 were fitted into the regression equation using various  econometric techniques such as Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test, Granger causality test, Johansen co-integration test and Vector Error Correction Method (VECM). Empirical results reveal that causality does not exist between external debt and economic growth as causation between debt and growth was also found to be weak and insignificant in Nigeria. El-Mahdy & Torayeh (2 009) used data for the period 1981-2006 to find out the debt sustainability of Egypt and the results obtained from cointegration model revealed that the public domestic debt in Egypt has a robust negative impact on growth. The sustainability of debt was examined used some algebra methods. From a study of International Monetary Fund (2008), Bangladesh’s risk of debt distress is low based on external debt indicators. Bangladesh’s external debt burden indicators do not breach the relevant policy-dependent indicative thresholds under the baseline scenario and exhibit only a marginal breach under the stress tests. Debt burden indicators are significantly worse when domestic debt is included. Accordingly, this analysis reveals a more elevated risk of debt distress on public debt compared to results based solely on external debt. Staffs will monitor closely the evolution of domestic debt and the government’s ability to mobilize domestic resources. Majumder (2007) investigated the crowding-out effect of public borrowing on private investment in the Bangladesh context. An investment function with three independent variables, namely, public borrowing, GDP and interest rate has been estimated by analyzing the unit root test, co-integration test and the error correction model. The main findings of the study do not corroborate the crowding-out hypothesis in Bangladesh, rather, provide the evidence of crowding-in effect. Gunter & Rahman (2008) used the debt projection module, to project the evolution of Bangladesh’s public debt over a 15-year horizon (from fiscal year 2006 to fiscal year 2021) under three different macroeconomic scenarios and two different financing scenarios of an ambitious government-led investment strategy. The results of the debt scenario implied that increases in the debt levels for most of the projection period with levels high enough to have negative implications on investment and growth, the grant scenario implies a clearly limited increase in debt levels, with reduced debt levels at the end of the projection period similar to those under the baseline scenario. From the brief review in can be found that public debt burden has  a negative impact on the economic growth of a country, its impact on investment and other economic indicator varies depending on a country’s extent of indebtness. Situation of Public Debt Burden in Bangladesh Public debt is of two types- i) external debt and ii) domestic debt. The amounts of domestic debt are estimated by the Ministry of Finance of Bangladesh government. Figure 1: Budget Deficit, External Loan, Domestic Loan, and Net Loan from Banking and Non-banking Sector of Bangladesh from1993-2012 (amounts in ‘00 crore taka) Source: Bangladesh Economic Review 2005-06 and 2011-12 From the above graph it can be found that the budget deficit of Bangladesh government is increasing from year to year and it is showing a sharp increment in deficit from the fiscal year 2008-09 onwards. The domestic debt burden and govt.’s reliance on credit from banking channels are showing a sharp increase from the fiscal year 2009-10 onwards. However the dependence on external credit is showing a declining trend. Research objective and Sample The objective of this research is to observe the empirical relationship between public debt burden and economic growth of Bangladesh. For this purpose time series econometric tools have been used. Various variables that indicate debt burden parameter and growth condition have been taken in to consideration. The sample period of the study is 32 years, from 1980-81 to 2011-12. Data used in this study has been collected from secondary source. Data and Methodology * Nature of the Variables: In this study variables used are- Debt Burden (DB), where DB is stands for Debt Burden that is sum of Domestic Debt and foreign debt outstanding at the end of each period, calculated as percentage of GDP; Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate; manufacturing production growth rate (Manf); total investment as percentage of GDP (Inv); and total  export as percentage of GDP (Exp). * Data Collection: Data series of these variables is collected from Bangladesh Economic Survey/ Review (various issues), Monthly Economic Trends (various issues) and Statistical Year Book of Bangladesh (various issues). * Method of Estimation: At first the stationary property of the univariate time series data has been examined. Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test has been used to test the unit roots of the concerned time series variables (Dickey and Fuller, 1979). The extended maintained regression used in the ADF test can be expressed in its most general form as: (1) Where, is the drift term, denotes the time trend, and is the largest lag length used. In this model, H0 =There is unit-root; & H1 = There is no unit-root. Then, the time series has been examined for co-integration. Co-integration analysis helps to identify long-run economic relationship between two variables. Granger and Newbold (1974) noted that, co-integration analysis is important because if two non-stationary variables are integrated, a Vector Autoregression (VAR) is misspesified due to the impact of a common trend. If co-integration can be identified between the variables then the model should include the residuals from the vectors (lagged one period) in the dynamic Vector Error Correcting Mechanism (VECM) system. If the variables are not co-integrated then Vector Autoregression (VAR) model is used. (2) The bivariate vector autoregressive model has two dependent variables y1,t and y2,t, where t = 1, †¦, T. The development of the series should be explained by the common past of these variables. That means, the explanatory variables in the simplest model are y1,t-1 and y2,t-1. The VAR (1) with lagged values for every variable is determined by: (3) y1,t= ∠11y1,t-1+∠12y2,t-1+ÃŽ µ1,t y2,t=∠21y1,t-1+∠22y2,t-1+ÃŽ µ2,1 In this model the assumptions about error terms are- * The expected residuals are zero, EÃŽ µi,t=0 with i=1, 2 * The error terms are not auto-correlated EÃŽ µi,t.ÃŽ µj,Ï„=0 with t≠ Ãâ€ž However, VAR-Models themselves do not allow us to make statements about causal relationships. This holds especially when VAR-Models are only approximately adjusted to an unknown time series process, while a causal interpretation requires an underlying economic model. However, VAR-Models allow interpretations about the dynamic relationship between the indicated variables. (4) The Johansen approach can be used to carry out Granger causality test as well. Granger (1969) developed a test approach to proof if a time series X contributes to the prediction of another series Y. Granger Causality is exists if the mean squared forecast error (MSE) by using the series X in the forecast model is smaller than without consideration of X: MSEYYt+hItÃŽ »2>ÃŽ »3>†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..>ÃŽ »k and r0 ranges from zero to k-1 depending upon the stage in the sequence. This is relevant test statistics for the null hypothesis r ≠¤ r0 against the alternative r ≠¥ r0 + 1. The second test statistic is the maximum Eigen value test known as ÃŽ »max(r0). This is closely related to the trace statistic, but arises from changing the alternative hypothesis from r ≠¥ r0 + 1 to r = r0 + 1. The idea is to improve the power of the test by limiting the alternative to a co-integration rank which is just by one more than the null hypothesis. The ÃŽ »max test statistic is: ÃŽ »max(r0) = -T in (1- ÃŽ »i) for i = r0 + 1 The null hypothesis is that there are r cointegrating vectors, against the alternative of r + 1 cointegrating vectors. Johansen and Juslius (1990) indicated that the trace test might lack power relative to the maximum Eigen value test. Based on the power of the test, the maximum Eigen value test statistic is often preferred. Estimation and Explanation To examine the impacts of public debt burden on the economic growth of Bangladesh for the time period of 1980-81 to 2011-12, the research results and their explanations are presented in this section.

Impact of Demographic Factors on Employee Engagement – a Case Study Mployee Engagement

A SYUDY ON EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT IN VASAN PUBLICATIONS PRIVATE LIMITED,CHENNAI J Swaminathan, AVCCE ABSTRACT Employee plays a vital role in each and every organization; the interest of employee will help to achieve the organization’s objectives. Successful employee engagement strategy creates a community at a work place and not just a work force. When the employees are effectively and positively engaged with their organization, they form an emotional connection with the company. This effects their attitude towards both their colleagues and the company’s client and improves customer satisfaction and services levels. In this project work the researcher has studied about how the employee has shown their interest in the job after joining the organization. The researcher adopted descriptive research and the data is collected from the employee through convenience sampling method with the help of personally administrated questionnaire. The questionnaire contains close ended questions and the sample size is 50. This data was analyzed and classified with the help of statistical tools and the findings and suggestion are extracted from the analyzing chapter. INTRODUCTION â€Å"Engagement is the state in which individual are emotionally and intellectually committed to the organization as measured by three primary behaviors: say, stay and strive†. Success today requires a good bit more and good attendance. Employee plays a vital role in each and every organization. The interest of employee will help to achieve organizational objectives. The extent that an employee believes in the mission, purpose and values of an organization and demonstrates that commitment through their action as an employee and their attitude towards their employer and customer. Employee engagement is high when the statement and conversation held reflect natural enthusiasm for the company,its employee and the product and services provided. For the past two decades we have been trying to realize the benefit of empowerment, teamwork, recognition, people development, performance management and new leadership style. There is a big difference between putting in place initiatives that have the overall goal of increasing employee engagement and truly seeing the payoffs. And, on the other hand, one might easily attribute low engagement to persistent downsizing, which lead to an erosion of loyalty and commitment. The working definitions of engagement largely defined in terms of how a person â€Å"feels inside†. However, when we ask people if the level of engagement in the work place would be readily apparent to a visitor from the outside, their answers are invariably â€Å"yes†. Job enjoyment, believe in what one is doing, and feeling valued all contribute to observable behavior. You can observe levels of excitement and energy, you can witness people going to extra length to solve customer issues, and you can see an ethic of quality and continuous improvement. Similarly, workplace behaviors indicative of low engagement – whining, low energy, passive-aggressive behavior, lack of teamwork – can be equally visible. NEED: ? This study helps the management as a tool of powerful retention strategy. ? Engagement is about motivating employees to do their best with their full concentration ? When an employee is effectively and positively engaged with their organization, they have an emotional connection with the management. SCOPE: ? Company’s wide programmes are known with the help of employee involvement. ? To ensure the growth of an employee with the help of this goal. ? The technique which shows largely to obtain the work improvement tool adequately PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION: ? Whether engagement create positive attitudes in the mind of the employee towards the organisation and to its value. ? Whether employee’s disengagement arise due to the absence of appreciation or due to the absence of positive stroke. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 1. MR. JOHN ESTER. , BOSTON university, â€Å"employee engagement† VOL 3, PNO 342 – 349. In their employee attitude and engagement survey, measured overall engagement but also outlined that engagement has three components: Cognitive engagement – focusing very hard on work, thinking about very little else during the working day; Emotional engagement – being involved emotionally with your work; and Physical engagement – being willing to ‘go the extra mile' for your employer and work over and beyond contract . 4. Sudhesh venkatesh, HHR at TESCO HSC views employee engagement as a psychological association. The success is due to a corporate culture that support individual creativity as well as team work, paradox studies measure employee engagement term two dimensions: how employees feel (their emotion towards the company, the leadership, the work environment) and for how they intend to cut in the future(will they stay, give extra efforts). This is conducted regularly through a questionnaire and is measured on various parameters predefined by the HR team. Employee engagement needs to be measured at regular intervals in order to track its contribution to the success of the organization. . Ken scarlet, president and CEO of scarlet international: Employee engagement will make employee more contributed, more empowered, more loyal and will give the benefits such as high morale, happy environment and lower attrition rates. Organization can achieve employee bliss through employee engagement. 6. The conference board New York: author (john gibbons) published 2006: This literature review summarize s what is known on the topic of employee employment and what companies can do the foster true engagement in the work place. It provides a review of current research on their important and timely topic when workers feel mentally and emotionally connected to their jobs they are willing to apply discretionally effort to their company success. 7. Scottish Govt. publication’s 2007 (May) There is no discernable difference between the dynamics of engagement within the public sector rather difference in engagement level is result from organization characteristics, which level sectors that organizational site. 8. Human capital strategy volume-9; No. 3 August 2005: This article summarized engaged employee be gets satisfied customers. This in turn improves the profitability of the organization. HR should help in identification and reengagement of disengaged employee by launching special initiatives directed towards bringing this group of employees into the maintenance. 9. Harter, J. K. Schmidt, F. L and Hayes T. L (2001) It shows business unit level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement and business outcomes. 10. HRM Review, ICFAI University press Aug-2005 This article summarized about harnessing the power of an engaged workforce. 1. HRM Review, ICFAI University press, Feb-2008 This article summarized that through employee engagement activities the Indian information technology enabled services (ITES) and business process outsourcing (BPO) industry is maintaining and gaining increasing fraction and visibility and is expected to touch Rs. 30. 537 cr by 2010 as per NASSEM report. COMPANY PROFILE Mr. Puthur Vaithyanatha Iy er promoted Anandha Vikatan in 1926 as a monthly magazine exclusively catering to about 1500-odd yearly subscribers. In 1928,. Mr. S. S. Vasan offered to buy Anandha Vikatan for Rs. 200. From then, the magazine grew from strength to strength. No surprise that his investment into Anandha Vikatan proved wise as it eventually enabled Mr. Vasan to buy ‘Gemini studios’. Ananda vikatan is today, a household name in Tamilnadu. Since 1956, The managing director,Mr. S. Balasubaramanian has been stewarding the growth and diversification of vasan publications private limited The Vikatan groups today publishes 5 Tamil magazines with combined weekly sales of over 1 million and readership of over 10 million and were printing â€Å"The Economic Times† from Chennai for the period 1994 to 2001. PRESS: Ananda vikatan press is very well equipped with three headset, web offset machines (imported from Japan), each capable of printing four color forms. Vikatan press is also fully equipped with three flow line binding machines, two three way trimmers, cutting machines etc. on the processing side also Ananda vikatan press has kept pace with latest technology. The imported image setter, flat bed scanners and other latest process equipments add upto the production capacity of Ananda vikatan. RESEARCH DESIGN The study is designed as descriptive in nature since it attempts to obtain a complete and accurate description of situation.. Primary data for this study was collected by preparing a well structured questionnaire consisting of closed ended questions. The questionnaire was distributed to the employees and the responses were received from the employees. The method used for collecting the data is survey method. The sampling unit of the study was the various departments of Vasan publication Pvt. Ltd. Chennai. Convenience sampling method was adopted to decide the sample of 50 as permitted by the management out of 150 employees (Feb 2009 to April 2009) Statistical Tools Used For Analysis Percentage analysis, Cross tabulations, Chi-Square, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) OBJECTIVES ? To measure the level of employee engagement in the organisation. ? To identify the various factors influencing employee engagement. ? To compare the employer satisfaction & performances with the engagement of the employee. ? To study the existing practices for improving employee engagement. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION Table-4. 1: Gender of the Respondents |GENDER |Frequency |Percent | |Male |48 |96. 0 | |Female |2 |4. 0 | |Total |50 |100. 0 | [pic] INFERENCE: It is observed that majority of the respondents are male (96%) and only very few are female (4%). Table-4. 2: Age of the Respondents |AGE |Frequency |Percent | |Less than 26 yrs |2 |4. 0 | |26 – 30 yrs |6 |12. 0 | |31 – 35 yrs |11 |22. | |36 – 40 yrs |10 |20. 0 | |41 – 45 yrs |11 |22. 0 | |45 – 50 yrs |4 |8. 0 | |Above 50 yrs |6 |12. 0 | |Total 50 |100. 0 | [pic] INFERENCE: Among the samples collected, most of the respondents are in the age group of 31 to 45 years. Only 16 percentages of the respondents are in the age group of below 30 years. However, 12 percent of the respondents have crossed 50 years of age. Table-4. 3: Experience of the Respondents |EXPERIENCE |Frequency |Percent | |Less than 6 yrs |8 |16. | |6 – 10 yrs |17 |34. 0 | |11 – 15 yrs |8 |16. 0 | |16 – 20 yrs |10 |20. 0 | |More than 20 yrs |7 |14. | |Total |50 |100. 0 | [pic] INFERENCE: From the above table it is observed that most of the respondents (34%) a re having 6 to 10 years of experience. 20 percent of the respondents are having 16 to 20 years of experience and 16 percent of the respondents are having less than 6 years. However, 14 percent of the respondents are having more experience (20 years and above) which is the strength of the development of vikadan organization. Table – 4. 4: Educational Qualification of the Respondents EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION |Frequency |Percent | |Higher Secondary |13 |26. 0 | |ITI |11 |22. 0 | |Under graduation |12 |24. 0 | |Post graduation |4 |8. | |Technical |7 |14. 0 | |Non-Technical |3 |6. 0 | |Total |50 |100. 0 | [pic] INFERENCE: It is most of the respondents are having schooling (26%) and ITI (22%) education followed by under graduation (24%). Eight percent of the respondents are having post graduation degree and 14 percent of the respondents are having technical background. Table-4. 5: Monthly Income of the Respondents |MONTHLY INCOME |Frequency |Percent | |Rs. 5000 – Rs. 10000 |8 |16. 0 | |Rs. 10001 – Rs. 15000 |10 |20. 0 | |Rs. 15001 – Rs. 0000 |16 |32. 0 | |Rs. 20001 – Rs. 25000 |9 |18. 0 | |Rs. 25001 – Rs. 30000 |5 |10. 0 | |Rs. 30001 – Rs. 35000 |2 |4. 0 | |Total |50 |100. | [pic] INFERENCE: From the above table it is observed that 32 and 20 percent of the respondents are in Rs. 15001 to Rs. 20000 and Rs. 10000 to Rs. 15000 per month respectively. 14 percent of the respondents are earning more than Rs. 25000 per month. Only 16 percent of the respondents draw less than Rs. 5000 per month. Table-4. 6: Respondents Opinion about their Contribution towards Productivity |Productivity |Frequency |Percent | |Very High |7 |14. | |High |13 |26. 0 | |Average |6 |12. 0 | |Poor |16 |32. 0 | |Very Poor |8 |16. 0 | |Total |50 |100. 0 | [pic] INFERENCE: From the above table it is found that 14 percent of the respondents agree that they have contributed more for the increase in productivity, while 26 percent of the respondents opine that they have somewhat contributed for increase in productivity. However, 48 percent of the respondents agree that the show poor contribution towards productivity. Table-4. 7: Respondents Contribution towards Reducing the Waste |Wastage Reduction |Frequency |Percent | |Very High |4 |8. | |High |9 |18. 0 | |Average |6 |12. 0 | |Poor |26 |52. 0 | |Very Poor |5 |10. 0 | |Total |50 |100. 0 | [pic] INFERENCE: In order to know whether the employees have contributed towards reducing the waste, they were asked to give their opinion, and based on their opinion, it is observed that 62 percent of the respondents have poor and very poor contribution towards reducing the waste. Only 26 percent of the respondents have high and very high level of contribution towards reducing the waste which is shown in the bar diagram. Table-4. 8: Respondents’ Contribution towards Reducing the Costs |Cost Reduction |Frequency |Percent | |Very High |5 |10. | |High |18 |36. 0 | |Average |16 |32. 0 | |Poor |5 |10. 0 | |Very Poor |6 |12. 0 | |Total |50 |100. 0 | [pic] INFERENCE: Wastage reduction will lead to cost reduction. In order to know this, the respondents were asked to give their opinion and based on the results, it is identified that 46 percent of the respondents have high and very high contribution towards reducing the costs, while 32 percent of the respondents have average contribution, and 22 percent of the respondents show poor contribution towards reducing the costs. Table-4. 9: Respondents’ Opinion about Team Building Activities at Work Place |Level of Satisfaction |Frequency |Percent | |Highly Satisfied |2 |4. | |Satisfied |8 |16. 0 | |Average |18 |36. 0 | |Dissatisfied |15 |30. 0 | |Highly Dissatisfied |7 |14. 0 | |Total |50 |100. 0 | [pic] INFERENCE: From the above table we infer that 30 percent of the respondents opine that they are dissatisfied with the team building activities at their workplace. 30 percent of the respondents are dissatisfied while 14 percent are highly dissatisfied towards team building activities at their work place. Table-4. 10: Respondents’ Loyalty Level in the Organization |Loyalty |Frequency |Percent | |Very Good |1 |2. 0 | |Good |4 |8. | |Average |9 |18. 0 | |Lower |23 |46. 0 | |Very Lower |13 |26. 0 | |Total |50 |100. 0 | [pic] INFERENCE: From the above table it is observed that 46 percent of the respondents are having low loyalty level towards their organization, while 26 percent of them are having very low loyalty level. Only 10 percent have good and very good loyalty level. Table-4. 11: Respondents’ Level of Satisfaction about their Salary |Salary |Frequency |Percent | |Highly Satisfied |3 |6. 0 | |Satisfied |21 |42. 0 | |Average |12 |24. 0 | |Dissatisfied |10 |20. | |Highly Dissatisfied |4 |8. 0 | |Total |50 |100. 0 | [pic] INFERENCE: From the table it is noted that 42 percent of the respondents are satisfied with their salary and 6 percent of the respondents are highly satisfied. 24 percent of the respondents showing average satisfaction and 28 percent of the respondents depict dissatisfaction towards their salary. Table-4. 12: Respondents’ Level of Satisfaction about their Working Hours Working Hours |Frequency |Percent | |Strongly Agree |3 |6. 0 | |Agree |20 |40. 0 | |Neutral |14 |28. 0 | |Disagree |11 |22. 0 | |Strongly Disagree |2 |4. | |Total |50 |100. 0 | [pic] INFERENCE: From the table it is noted that 40 percent respondents’ have agreed that they are satisfied with the ir working hours. 28 percent of the respondents show neutral opinion while 22 percent show disagreement towards their working hours. Table-4. 13: Respondents Involvement in Problem Solving |Involvement |Frequency |Percent | |Increased |18 |36. | |No Change |20 |40. 0 | |Decreased |12 |24. 0 | |Total |50 |100. 0 | [pic] INFERENCE: From the above table it is noted that 40 percent of the respondents show that their involvement level do not change in the past three years, and 36 percent of the respondents opine that their involvement level has been changed for the past 3 years. Only 24 percent of the respondents argued that their involvement level decreased in the past 3 years. Table-4. 14: Respondents’ Feeling of Motivation |Motivation |Frequency |Percent | |Large Extent |2 |4. 0 | |Reasonable Extent |18 |36. 0 | |Average |11 |22. 0 | |Certain |15 |30. | |Not at all |4 |8. 0 | |Total |50 |100. 0 | [pic] INFERENCE: From the above table it is noted that 36 percent of the employees felt that their motivation has increased to a reasonable extent, 22 percent of the respondents argue that it has an average increase, while 30 percent of the respondents opine that the motivation has shown a below average increase. However, 8 percent of the respondents argue that their motivation has not at all increased. Table-4. 15: Respondents’ Opinion about Team Spirit in their Working Environment |Team Spirit |Frequency |Percent | |Good |8 |16. 0 | |Average |13 |26. 0 | |Lower |20 |40. | |Very Lower |9 |18. 0 | |Total |50 |100. 0 | [pic] INFERENCE: Form the above table it is noted that 58 percent of the respondents have lower and very lower level of team spirit, while 16 percent of the respondents are having good team spirit, which is the indication of success of the organization. Table-4. 16: Respondents’ Level of Satisfaction about their Morale in the Organization Level of Satisfaction |Frequency |Percent | |Satisfied |11 |22. 0 | |Average |14 |28. 0 | |Dissatisfied |22 |44. 0 | |Highly Dissatisfied |3 |6. 0 | |Total |50 |100. 0 | [pic] INFERENCE: From the above table it is found that only 22 percent of the respondents are satisfied while 6 percent of the respondents are highly dissatisfied with the morale of the organization. Table-4. 17: Employees’ Influence over Quality in the Organization |Level of Influence |Frequency |Percent | |Highly Influence |3 |6. 0 | |Influence |13 |26. 0 | |Somewhat Influence |28 |56. | |No Influence |6 |12. 0 | |Total |50 |100. 0 | [pic] INFERENCE: From the above table it is observed that 56 percent of the respondents opine that employees have somewhat influence over quality, while 26 percent of the respondents agree that the employees have influence over quality. However, 12 percent of the respondents report that the employees do not have any influence on the quality. Table-4. 18: Respondents’ Opinion about the Recognition as Individuals |Opinion |Frequency |Percent | |Always |7 |14. 0 | |Sometimes |16 |32. 0 | |Rarely |8 |16. 0 | |Never |14 |28. | |No Idea |5 |10. 0 | |Total |50 |100. 0 | [pic] INFERENCE: From the above table it is inferred that 14 percent of the respondents agree that they always get recognition, while 32 percent of the respondents sometimes get recognition. It could be noted that 28 percent of the respondents agree that individuals never get any recognition from the organization. Table-4. 9: Respondents’ level of Importance towards put forwarding the suggestions |Level of Importance |Frequency |Percent | |Importance |6 |12. 0 | |Fairly Importance |8 |16. 0 | |Somewhat Importance |17 |34. 0 | |No Importance |19 |38. | |Total |50 |100. 0 | [pic] INFERENCE: On observing the table, it could be understood that 38 percent of the respondents show no importance while put forwarding the suggestions to management, whereas 3 4 percent of the respondents show somewhat importance, while 12 percent of the respondents agree that it is important to put forwarding suggestions to management. Table-4. 20: Respondents’ Level of Satisfaction about Balancing of Family life and Work life Level of Satisfaction |Frequency |Percent | |Highly Satisfied |2 |4. 0 | |Satisfied |16 |32. 0 | |Moderately Satisfied |9 |18. 0 | |Dissatisfied |18 |36. 0 | |Highly Dissatisfied |5 |10. | |Total |50 |100. 0 | [pic] INFERENCE: From the above table it is inferred that the respondents are in both the categories. That is, 46 percent of the respondents are dissatisfied and remaining 56 percent of the respondents are satisfied in Balancing their Family Life and Work Life Table-4. 21: Respondents’ Opinion about Training Programme organized by the Company |Level of Satisfaction |Frequency |Percent | |Highly Satisfied |1 |2. | |Satisfied |5 |10. 0 | |Moderately Satisfied |8 |16. 0 | |Dissatisfied |28 |56. 0 | |Highly Dissatis fied |8 |16. 0 | |Total |50 |100. 0 | [pic] INFERENCE From the above table it is observed that most of the respondents opine that they were not satisfied by the training programme conducted by the organization. However, 12 percent of the employees are satisfied while 16 percent of the employees are moderately satisfied. On seeing the Bar diagram, it is observed that on total 72 percent of the employee are not satisfied with the training programme. Table-4. 22: Relationship between Age and Contribution towards Productivity Ho: There is no relationship between age and productivity H1: There is some relationship between age and productivity Cross Tabulation |Age |Productivity |Total | | |Poor |Neutral |High | | |Below 30 years |3 |1 |4 |8 | |30 – 45 years |13 |5 |14 |32 | |Above 45 years |4 | |6 |10 | |Total |20 |6 |24 |50 | Chi-Square Tests | |Value |df |Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) | |Pearson Chi-Square |11. 995 |4 |. 037 | |Likelihood Ratio |13. 146 |4 |. 034 | |Linear-by-Linear Association |8. 044 |1 |. 34 | |N of Valid Cases |50 | | | Correlation | | |Value |Asymp. Std. Error |Approx. T |Approx. Sig. | |Interval by Interval |Pearson's R |. 103 |. 121 |. 720 |0. 475 | |Ordinal by Ordinal |Spearman Correlation |. 085 |. 29 |. 594 |0. 555 | |N of Valid Cases | |50 | | | | INFERENCE: From the above analysis it is found that though there is a relationship between age and productivity, the influence of age on productivity is meager. INTERPRETATION: Since the table value is found to be higher than the calculated value, the null hypothesis is rejected. Alternate hypothesis has been accepted which means that there is some relationship between age and productivity. From correlation table, it is identified that the Pearson R vale is 0. 103 which is positive and hence there is a positive relationship between age and productivity. Table-4. 23: Relationship between Age and Contribution towards Wastage Reduction Ho: There is no relationship between age and wastage Reduction H1: There is some relationship between age and Wastage Reduction Cross Tabulation Age |Wastage Reduction |Total | | |Poor |Neutral |High | | |Below 30 years |4 | |4 |8 | |30 – 45 years |7 |3 |22 |32 | |Above 45 years |2 |3 |5 |10 | |Total |13 |6 |31 |50 | Chi-Square Tests | |Value |df |Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) | |Pearson Chi-Square |16. 617 |4 |. 015 | |Likelihood Ratio |16. 455 |4 |. 016 | |Linear-by-Linear Association |8. 379 |1 |. 053 | |N of Valid Cases |50 | | | Correlation | | |Value |Asymp. Std. Error |Approx. T |Approx. Sig. | |Interval by Interval|Pearson's R |. 022 |. 145 |. 154 |. 879 | |Ordinal by Ordinal |Spearman Correlation|. 029 |. 146 |. 198 |. 844 | |N of Valid Cases | |50 | | | | INFERENCE: From the above analysis it is found that though there is a relationship between age and wastage reduction, the influence of age on wastage reduction is meagre.. INTERPRETATION: Since the table value is found to be higher than the calculated value, the null hypothesis is rejected. Alternate hypothesis has been accepted which means that there is some relationship between age and wastage reduction From correlation table it is observed that the Pearson correlation value is 0. 022 which is positive and hence, there is a positive relationship between age and contribution towards wastages. . Table-4. 24: Relationship between Age and Contribution towards Cost Reduction Ho: There is no relationship between age and Cost Reduction H1: There is some relationship between age and Cost Reduction Cross Tabulation |Age |Cost Reduction |Total | | |Poor |Neutral |High | | |Below 30 years |5 |2 |1 |8 | |30 – 45 years |18 |10 |4 |32 | |Above 45 years | |4 |6 |10 | |Total |23 |16 |11 |50 | Chi-Square Tests | |Value |df |Asymp. Sig. | | | | |(2-sided) | |Pearson Chi-Square |14. 337 |4 |. 006 | |Likelihood Ratio |17. 017 |4 |. 002 | |Linear-by-Linear Association |9. 650 |1 |. 002 | |N of Valid Cases |50 | | | Correlation | | |Value |Asymp. Std. Error |Approx. T |Approx. Sig. | |Interval by Interval|Pearson's R |. 451 |. 117 |3. 502 |. 001 | |Ordinal by Ordinal |Spearman Correlation|. 344 |. 139 |2. 539 |. 014 | |N of Valid Cases | |50 | | | | INFERENCE: From the above analysis it is found that though there is a relationship between age and cost reduction, the influence of age on cost reduction is plentiful. INTERPRETATION: Since the table value is found to be higher than the calculated value, the null hypothesis is rejected, the alternate hypothesis has been accepted which means that there is some relationship between age and cost reduction. Pearson R value (0. 451) in Correlation table proves that there is positive relationship between age and contribution towards cost reduction. Table-4. 25: Relationship between Age and Team Building Ho: There is no relationship between age and Team Building H1: There is some relationship between age and Team Building Cross Tabulation |Age |Team Building |Total | | |Dissatisfied |Moderate |Satisfied | | |Below 30 years |1 |3 |4 |8 | |30 – 45 years |6 |13 |13 |32 | |Above 45 years |3 |2 |5 |10 | |Total |10 |18 |22 |50 | Chi-Square Tests | |Value |Df |Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) | |Pearson Chi-Square |1. 886 |4 |. 757 | |Likelihood Ratio |1. 981 |4 |. 739 | |Linear-by-Linear Association |. 206 |1 |. 650 | |N of Valid Cases |50 | | | INFERENCE: From the above analysis it is found that there is no relationship between age and team building activity in the work place. INTERPRETATION: Since the table value is found to be lesser than the calculated value, the null hypothesis is accepted; there is no relationship between age and their opinion about the team building activities adopted in their work place. Table-4. 26: Relationship between Age and Loyalty Ho: There is no relationship between age and Loyalty Level of employees H1: There is relationship between age and Loyalty Level of Employees Cross Tabulation |Age |Loyalty Level |Total | | |Poor |Average |Good | | |Below 30 years |1 |1 |6 |8 | |30 – 45 years |3 |6 |23 |32 | |Above 45 years |1 |2 |7 |10 | |Total |5 |9 |36 |50 | Chi-Square Tests | |Value |df |Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) | |Pearson Chi-Square |16. 245 |4 |. 033 | |Likelihood Ratio |15. 257 |4 |. 032 | |Linear-by-Linear Association |8. 007 |1 |. 032 | |N of Valid Cases |50 | | | Correlation | | |Value |Asymp. Std. Error |Approx. T |Approx. Sig. | |Interval by Interval|Pearson's R |. 053 |. 165 |. 366 |. 716 | |Ordinal by Ordinal |Spearman Correlation|. 125 |. 154 |. 872 |. 388 | |N of Valid Cases | |50 | | | | INFERENCE: From the above analysis it is found that though there is a relationship etween age and loyalty level, the influence of age on loyalty level is meagre. INTERPRETATION: Since the table value is found to be higher than the calculated value, the null hypothesis is rejected. Alternate hypothesis has been accepted which means that there exists some relationship between age and employees’ loyalty level in the organization. Correlation table shows that the Pearson R value is 0. 053 which is positive and hence there is a positive relationship between age and loyalty. Table-4. 27: Relationship between Age and Morale Ho: There is no relationship between age and Morale H1: There is some relationship between age and Morale Cross Tabulation |Age |Morale |Total | | |Dissatisfied |Average |Satisfied | | |Below 30 years | |4 |4 |8 | |30 – 45 years |8 |2 |22 |32 | |Above 45 years |4 |2 |4 |10 | |Total |12 |8 |30 |50 | Chi-Square Tests | |Value |df|Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) | |Pearson Chi-Square |7. 896 |4 |. 042 | |Likelihood Ratio |9. 386 |4 |. 025 | |Linear-by-Linear Association |6. 559 |1 |. 045 | |N of Valid Cases |50 | | | Correlation | | |Value |Asymp. Std. Error |Approx. T |Approx. Sig. | |Interval by Interval |Pearson's R |. 107 |. 126 |. 744 |0. 461 | |Ordinal by Ordinal |Spearman Correlation |. 080 |. 133 |. 555 |0. 582 | |N of Valid Cases | |50 | | | | INFERENCE: From the above analysis it is found that though there is a relationship between age and morale, the influence of age on morale is meagre. INTERPRETATION: Since the table value is found to be higher than the calculated value, the null hypothesis is rejected. Alternate hypothesis has been accepted which means that there is some relationship between age and morale. From correlation table, it is identified that the Pearson R vale is 0. 103 which is positive and hence there is a positive relationship between age and morale. Table-4. 28: Relationship between Age and Salary Ho: There is no relationship between age and Salary H1: There is some relationship between age and Salary Cross Tabulation |Age |Salary |Total | | |Dissatisfied |Moderate |Satisfied | | |Below 30 years |5 |3 | |8 | |30 – 45 years |13 |8 |11 |32 | |Above 45 years |6 |1 |3 |10 | |Total |24 |12 |14 |50 | Chi-Square Tests | |Value |Df |Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) | |Pearson Chi-Square |5. 169 |4 |. 270 | |Likelihood Ratio |7. 487 |4 |. 112 | |Linear-by-Linear Association |. 437 |1 |. 508 | |N of Valid Cases |50 | | | INFERENCE: From the above analysis it is found that there is no relationship between age and their level of satisfaction of their salary. INTERPRETATION: Since the table value is found to be lesser than the calculated value, the null hypothesis is accepted; there is no relationship between age and their level of satisfaction of their salary. Table-4. 29: Relationship between Age and Working Hours Ho: There is no relationship between age and Working hours H1: There is some relationship between age and Working hours Cross Tabulation |Age |Working Hours |Total | | |Disagree |Neutral |Agree | | |Below 30 years |5 |3 | |8 | |30 – 45 years |13 |6 |13 |32 | |Above 45 years |5 |5 | |10 | |Total |23 |14 |13 |50 | Chi-Square Tests | |Value |Df |Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) | |Pearson Chi-Square |10. 986 |4 |. 027 | |Likelihood Ratio |15. 011 |4 |. 005 | |Linear-by-Linear Association |. 13 |1 |. 910 | |N of Valid Cases |50 | | | Correlation | | |Value |Asymp. Std. Error |Approx. T |Approx. Sig. | |Interval by Interval|Pearson's R |-. 165 |. 119 |-1. 158 |. 252 | |Ordinal by Ordinal |Spearman Correlation|-. 158 |. 134 |-1. 112 |. 272 | |N of Valid Cases | |50 | | | | INFERENCE: From the above analysis it is found that though there is a relationship between age and working hours, the influence of age on working hours is meagre. INTERPRETATION: Since the table value is found to be higher than the calculated value, the null hypothesis is rejected. Hence, alternate hypothesis has been accepted which means that there exists some negative relationship between age and working hours set by the organization. Pearson correlation value of -0. 165 denotes that there exists negative relationship between age and working hours set by the management. Table-4. 31: Relationship between Age and Involvement Ho: There is no relationship between age and Involvement H1: There is some relationship between age and Involvement Cross Tabulation |Age |Involvement |Total | | |Decreased |No Change |Increased | | |Below 30 years |4 |2 |2 |8 | |30 – 45 years |11 |13 |8 |32 | |Above 45 years |3 |5 |2 |10 | |Total |18 |20 |12 |50 | Chi-Square Tests | |Value |df|Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) | |Pearson Chi-Square |1. 345 |4 |. 854 | |Likelihood Ratio |1. 360 |4 |. 851 | |Linear-by-Linear Association |. 144 |1 |. 05 | |N of Valid Cases |50 | | | INFERENCE: From the above analysis it is found that there is no relationship between age and involvement in problem solving. INTERPRETATION: Since the table value is found to be lesser than the calculated value, the null hypothesis is accepted; there is no relationship between age and involvement in problem solving. Table-4. 32: Relationship between Experience and Contribution towards Productivity Ho: There is no relationship between Experience and productivity H1: There is some relationship between Experience and productivity Cross tabulation |Experience |Productivity |Total | | |Poor |Neutral |High | | |Less than 10 years |9 |4 |12 |25 | |10 to 20 years |9 |2 |7 |18 | |Above 20 years |2 | |5 |7 | |Total |20 |6 |24 |50 | Chi-Square Tests | |Value |Df |Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) | |Pearson Chi-Square |13. 076 |4 |. 045 | |Likelihood Ratio |12. 796 |4 |. 034 | |Linear-by-Linear Association |8. 091 |1 |. 063 | |N of Valid Cases |50 | | | Correlation | | |Value |Asymp. Std. Error |Approx. T |Approx. Sig. | |Interval by Interval|Pearson's R |-. 033 |. 126 |-. 231 |. 818 | |Ordinal by Ordinal |Spearman Correlation|-. 038 |. 129 |-. 265 |. 792 | |N of Valid Cases | |50 | | | | INFERENCE: From the above analysis it is found that though there is a relationship between experience and contribution towards productivity. INTERPRETATION: Since the table value is found to be higher than the calculated value, the null hypothesis is rejected. Hence, alternate hypothesis has been accepted which means that there is negative relationship between experience and their contribution towards productivity. On observing the correlation table, the Pearson R value of -0. 033 denotes a negative relationship between experience and productivity. Table-4. 33 :Relationship between Experience and Contribution towards Wastage Reduction Ho: There is no relationship between Experience and wastage reduction H1: There is some relationship between experience and wastage reduction Cross Tabulation |Experience |Wastage Reduction |Total | | |Poor |Neutral |High | | |Less than 10 years |8 |2 |15 |25 | |10 to 20 years |4 |2 |12 |18 | |Above 20 years |1 |2 |4 |7 | |Total |13 |6 |31 |50 | Chi-Square Tests | |Value |Df |Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) | |Pearson Chi-Square |12. 867 |4 |. 038 | |Likelihood Ratio |12. 514 |4 |. 042 | |Linear-by-Linear Association |7. 315 |1 |. 055 | |N of Valid Cases |50 | | | Correlation | | |Value |Asymp. Std. Error |Approx. T |Approx. Sig. | |Interval by Interval|Pearson's R |-. 019 |. 153 |-. 133 |. 894 | |Ordinal by Ordinal |Spearman Correlation|-. 019 |. 155 |-. 135 |. 893 | |N of Valid Cases | |50 | | | | INFERENCE: From the above analysis it is found that though there is a relationship between experience and wastage reduction. Hence the influence of experience on wastage reduction is meagre. INTERPRETATION: Since the table value is found to be higher than the calculated value, the null hypothesis is rejected. Hence, alternate hypothesis has been accepted which means that there exists some negative relationship between experience and wastage reduction. Pearson correlation value of -0. 165 denotes that there exists negative relationship between experience and wastage reduction Table-4. 34: Relationship between Experience and Contribution towards Cost Reduction Ho: There is no relationship between Experience and Cost reduction H1: There is some relationship between experience and cost reduction Cross Tabulation |Experience |Cost Reduction |Total | | Poor |Neutral |High | | |Less than 10 years |12 |9 |4 |25 | |10 to 20 years |11 |6 |1 |18 | |Above 20 years | |1 |6 |7 | |Total |23 |16 |11 |50 | Chi-Square Tests | |Value |df|Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) | |Pearson Chi-Square |20. 495 |4 |. 000 | |Likelihood Ratio |19. 287 |4 |. 001 | |Linear-by-Linear Association |5. 781 |1 |. 016 | |N of Valid Case s |50 | | | Correlation | | |Value |Asymp. Std. Error |Approx. T |Approx. Sig. | |Interval by Interval|Pearson's R |. 418 |. 133 |3. 186 |. 003 | |Ordinal by Ordinal |Spearman Correlation|. 301 |. 151 |2. 185 |. 034 | |N of Valid Cases | |50 | | | | INFERENCE: From the above analysis it is found that though there is a relationship between experience and contribution on cost reduction. Hence the influence of experience on cost reduction is plentiful. INTERPRETATION: Since the table value is found to be higher than the calculated value, the null hypothesis is rejected. Alternate hypothesis has been accepted which means that there is positive relationship between experience and their contribution towards cost reduction. The Pearson R value of 0. 418 denotes that there is a positive relationship between experience and contribution towards cost reduction. Table-4. 34: Relationship between Experience and Team Building Ho: There is no relationship between Experience and Team Building H1: There is some relationship between experience and Team Building Cross Tabulation |Experience |Team Building |Total | | |Dissatisfied |Moderate |Satisfied | | |Less than 10 years |2 |10 |13 |25 | |10 to 20 years |6 |7 |5 |18 | |Above 20 years |2 |1 |4 |7 | |Total |10 |18 |22 |50 | Chi-Square Tests | |Value |df|Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) | |Pearson Chi-Square |6. 442 |4 |. 168 | |Likelihood Ratio |7. 066 |4 |. 132 | |Linear-by-Linear Association |1. 444 |1 |. 229 | |N of Valid Cases |50 | | | INFERENCE: From the above analysis it is found that is, there is no relationship between employees’ experience and their opinion about team building activities involved in their work place. INTERPRETATION: Since the table value is found to be lesser than the calculated value, the null hypothesis is accepted; there is no relationship between experience and team building activities. Table-4. 35: Relationship between Experience and Loyalty Ho: There is no relationship between Experience and Loyalty Level H1: There is some relationship between experience and Loyalty Level Cross Tabulation |Experience |Loyalty Level |Total | | Poor |Average |Good | | |Less than 10 years |2 |5 |18 |25 | |10 to 20 years |2 |3 |13 |18 | |Above 20 years |1 |1 |5 |7 | |Total |5 |9 |36 |50 | Chi-Square Tests | |Value |df|Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) | |Pearson Chi-Square |12. 378 |4 |. 040 | |Likelihood Ratio |12. 372 |4 |. 051 | |Linear-by-Linear Association |9. 062 |1 |. 032 | |N of Valid Cases |50 | | | Correlation | | |Value |Asymp. Std. Error |Approx. T |Approx. Sig. | |Interval by Interval|Pearson's R |-. 418 |. 133 |-3. 186 |. 003 | |Ordinal by Ordinal |Spearman Correlation|-. 301 |. 151 |-2. 185 |. 034 | |N of Valid Cases | |50 | | | | INFERENCE: From the above analysis it is found that though there is a relationship between experience and their loyalty level in the organization. Hence the influence of experience on loyalty level is meagre. INTERPRETATION: Since the table value is found to be higher than the calculated value, the null hypothesis is rejected. Alternate hypothesis has been accepted which means that there is negative relationship between experience and their loyalty level in the organization. Correlation table shows the Pearson R value as -0. 418 which is negative and hence there is negative relationship between experience and loyalty. Table-4. 36; Relationship between Experience and Morale Ho: There is no relationship between Experience and Morale H1: There is some relationship between experience and Morale Cross Tabulation |Experience |Morale |Total | | |Dissatisfied |Average |Satisfied | | |Less than 10 years |5 |5 |15 |25 | |10 to 20 years |6 |2 |10 |18 | |Above 20 years |1 |1 |5 |7 | |Total |12 |8 |30 |50 | Chi-Square Tests | |Value |df|Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) | |Pearson Chi-Square |11. 634 |4 |. 038 | |Likelihood Ratio |13. 829 |4 |. 030 | |Linear-by-Linear Association |8. 939 |1 |. 33 | |N of Valid Cases |50 | | | Correlation | | |Value |Asymp. Std. Error |Approx. T |Approx. Sig. | |Interval by Interval|Pearson's R |. 138 |. 142 |. 368 |. 338 | |Ordinal by Ordinal |Spearman Correlation|. 144 |. 142 |1. 008 |. 319 | |N of Valid Cases | |50 | | | | INFERENCE: From the above analysis it is found that though there is a relationship between experience and morale. Hence the influence of experience on morale is plentiful. INTERPRETATION: Since the table value is found to be higher than the calculated value, the null hypothesis is rejected. Alternate hypothesis has been accepted which means that there is a relationship between experience and their level of satisfaction towards morale. The Pearson R value of 0. 138 denotes that the relationship between experience and morale is positive. That is, employees who have more experience are satisfied toward morale. Table-4. 37: Relationship between Experience and Salary Ho: There is no relationship between Experience and salary H1: There is some relationship between experien

The Chinese Zodiac in Mandarin

The Chinese Zodiac in Mandarin The Chinese Zodiac is known as 生è‚â€" (shÄ“ngxio) in Mandarin Chinese. The Chinese Zodiac is based on a 12-year cycle, with each year represented by an animal. The 12-year cycle of the Chinese Zodiac is based on the traditional Chinese lunar calendar. In this calendar, the first day of the year usually falls on the second new moon after the winter solstice. On New Years day, we enter a new Chinese zodiac cycle, which follows this order: Rat - é ¼   - shÇ”Ox - 牛 - nià ºTiger - 虎 - hÇ”Rabbit - å…” - tà ¹Dragon - é ¾  - là ³ngSnake - 蛇 - shà ©Horse - é ¦ ¬ / é © ¬ - mÇŽRam - ç ¾Å  - yngMonkey - çÅ' ´ - hà ³uChicken - 雞 / é ¸ ¡ - jÄ «Dog - ç‹â€" - gÇ’uPig - è ± ¬ / çÅ' ª - zhÃ… « As with many Chinese traditions, there is a story attached to the types of animals and the order they appear in the Chinese Zodiac. The Jade Emperor (玉皇 - Yà ¹ Hung), according to Chinese myth, governs all of heaven and earth. He was so busy ruling the universe that he had no time to visit earth. He wished to know what the animals of earth looked like, so he invited them all to his heavenly palace for a banquet. The cat was fond of sleeping but did not want to miss the banquet, so he asked his friend the rat to be sure to wake him on the day of the banquet. The rat, however, was jealous of the cats beauty and was afraid of being judged ugly by the Jade Emperor, so he let the cat sleep. As the animals arrived in heaven, the Jade Emperor was so impressed with them that he decided to give each one their own year, arranged by the order they had arrived. The cat, of course, had missed the banquet and was furious with the rat for letting him sleep, and that is why rats and cats are enemies to this day. Qualities Of The Chinese Zodiac Signs Just the like Western zodiac, the Chinese zodiac attributes personality qualities to each of the 12 animal signs. These are often derived from observations about how animals behave and also come from the story of how the animals traveled to the Jade Emperors banquet. The dragon, for example, could have been the first to arrive at the banquet, since he could fly. But he stopped to help some villagers and then helped the rabbit on his way. So those born in the year of the dragon are described as being interested in the world and willing to give a helping hand. The rat, on the other hand, arrived at the banquet by hitching a ride on the ox. Just as the ox arrived at the palace, the rat stuck his nose forward, so was the first to arrive. Those born in the year of the rat are described as shrewd and manipulative, traits which can also be drawn from the story of the rat and the cat. Here is a brief summary of qualities associated with each sign of the Chinese zodiac: Rat - é ¼   - shÇ” forthright, generous, outgoing, loves money, hates waste Ox - 牛 - nià º calm, dependable, obstinate, reliable, proud, and can be uncompromising Tiger - 虎 - hÇ” loving, giving, optimistic, idealistic, stubborn, self-centered, emotional Rabbit - å…” - tà ¹ careful, systematic, considerate, can be indifferent, temperamental, shrewd Dragon - é ¾  - là ³ng strong, energetic, proud, confident, but can be illogical and obsessive.   Snake - 蛇 - shà © intellectual, superstitious, independent, private, cautious, suspicious Horse - é ¦ ¬ / é © ¬ - mÇŽ cheerful, lively, impulsive, manipulative, friendly, self-reliant Ram - ç ¾Å  - yng good-natured, timid, emotional, pessimistic, mild, forgiving Monkey - çÅ' ´ - hà ³u successful, charming, crafty, can be dishonest, self-centered, inquisitive Chicken - 雞 / é ¸ ¡ - jÄ « conservative, aggressive, decisive, logical, can be overly critical Dog - ç‹â€" - gÇ’u clever, willing to help others, open-minded, practical, can be belligerent Pig - è ± ¬ / çÅ' ª - zhÃ… « brave, trustworthy, patient, diplomatic, can be hot-tempered

Youth Curfew Essays

Youth Curfew Essays Youth Curfew Essay Youth Curfew Essay Good evening chairperson, fellow debaters, ladies, gentlemen and others. In our world today, violence and crime still rages and much of which have been perpetrated by young people of about my age. A growing problem, youths are beginning or continuing to wander the streets after hours to offend the law. If no action were to be carried out, a future where crime through youths will thrive. Today, we the Affirmative side is here to address to you all about a solution towards this problem. We as a team believe that youths should not be allowed to roam freely but kept in their homes to prevent the occurrences of youth problems. To make obvious to you all what a youth curfew is, our team has prepared a definition of the term youth curfew. The Oxford Dictionary defines curfew as, A signal or time after which people must remain indoors until the next day. This, to us just means that a curfew is a way to keep us young people off the streets. Having teenagers wandering the suburbs at dark, young people are given a chance to act in a criminal way. Therefore, a youth curfew is essential to a society of any sort. One of the main goals of a youth curfew law is to protect non-delinquent youths. It is stated by the Curfew Laws that a main purpose of a curfew is to protect youths from victimization. According to the Ruefle and Reynolds analysis, the curfew may be used as a means to protect non-delinquent youth from crime and to deny delinquent youth the opportunity to engage in criminal behaviour. Also, according to the FBIs UCR report, youth perpetrators often take crime upon people of their age so it is expected that crime rates of victimization will reduce. Through reference from the Office of Crime Statistics and Research in Adelaide, it has been displayed that a high number of teenagers participate in youth crime. In the year of 2004, it was recorded by the South Australian police that persons of the age between 10-17 years of age were apprehended for crime, with the figure stretching up to 6,482. Unfortunately, this number does not include the other youths who have offended the law whilst also getting away with their crime. Having still excluded the unknown figure, it still can be seen that there are high rates of crime. Also, this number only displays the figures of South Australia alone and not the other states of Australia. Youth Curfews not only reduces victimization, it also is a form of zero tolerance policing, the curfew creates an atmosphere whereby it is shown that the community does not allow or accept the development of any lawlessness within the area. The idea of having zero tolerance comes from the presence of low-levelled crimes, such as, graffiti spraying, breaking glass windows, drug dealing and etc. (all of which are criminal acts performed by youths). If these minor problems were not to be controlled and acted against effectively by the policing force, then a permissive atmosphere would then be created for violence and more severe crimes. With this flourish of crime, law and order stands a great chance in breaking down. Now, with the help of youth curfews, the police are aided through the zero tolerance climates of which the curfew has generated. This then in turn would create a safer community for everyone. Youth Curfews can also be used as an aid to various other programs that help stop youths from causing misdemeanours. If the curfew was to be put into place, then those who are willing to abide the law are kept off the streets during the curfew. Those who ignore the curfew are then left on the streets. These youths usually are set to behave in a misconduct way. Out on the streets, the youths are left for the police to handle. Also, because it is quite difficult to identify criminals, such a scheme like the curfew would help immensely in the process of finding the law offenders through the process of elimination. So, ladies and gentlemen, Youth Curfews are a must and is an essential part to our society. We already know that violence and crimes are committed by youths that roam the streets in the dark. These sorts of crimes range from minor offences such as graffiti spraying or even up to violence, which in most cases, are inflicted on innocent youths. With the curfew in place, the policy can enable the law abiding or vulnerable teenagers to stay in their homes at curfew hours but also prevent them from being afflicted to violence through the delinquent youths. Also, the policy works as an aid towards other youth crime prevention programs. So, you could say that the curfew does its job in keeping potential offenders away from the chance to act in a criminal way but also does aid other programs. So this curfew is what you can call a double action towards juvenile delinquency. Must I remind you that statistics from 2004 shows that 6,482 teenagers from just South Australia alone have been apprehended by the police for juvenile crime! This figure should not be accepted by the Australian society. With that figure displaying the number of juvenile delinquents for just South Australia, you can try to imagine the total amount of teenage law offences in the whole of Australia! To conclude, all that has to be said is that to enable this society to progress in a safety environment, a youth curfew is essential.

Evidence Based Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Evidence Based Practice - Essay Example Research revealed that the effectiveness of pharmacological therapy in treating PSD patients in evident. However, augmented and tailored cognitive behavior therapy can play a vital role in improving treatment outcomes of PSD patients Post Stroke Depression increases the risk of mortality and morbidity. Recovery from stroke decreases the rate of mortality of the patients but depression highly increases the rate of morbidity of the strokes patient. It also impairs the functional capacity of the patients and hinder with the social cognition attitude of the patients with stroke. The PICOT question to address the problem is: In stroke, survivors (P) does Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (I) as compared to anti-depressants (C) will increase the treatment outcomes of Post-Stroke Disorder (O) after treatment of stroke (T)? Stroke is a leading cause of death and adult disability in the UK. Around 1,30,000 people met the stroke every year. The National Health Service has given an estimate of around  £2.8 billion expenditure by hospitals and around  £2.4 billion cost spent on informal care by the caregivers to the PSD patients (Broomfield, Laidlaw, Hickabottom, Murray, & Gillespie, 2011). Several studies have focused on the impact of stroke on the social recognition and quality of life of the patients. Therefore, it can be said that cognitive behavioral therapy may play a major role in decreasing the rate of prevalence of PSD focusing on the cognitive and psychological treatment of patients. The psychological impairment also appears in the patients of Post-Stroke Depression showing the signs of depression, anxiety, sadness, loneliness, isolation, alienation, etc. The cost and expenditure served on the treatment of PSD patients is also very high. Mostly the geriatrics and adults have been found as the victim of PSD however in some studies young adults also report the symptoms of

How Wi-Fi Works Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How Wi-Fi Works - Essay Example Considering the significance that Wi-Fi has in technological development and advancement, it is essential that critical analysis is done on its mode of operation (Harrington 18). Based on such a perspective, this paper discusses and analyzes the operation mechanics of Wi-Fi, in easier terms, how Wi-Fi works. As already stated above, Wifi is a technological aspect that allows for the sharing of data and internet connectivity, where it emits frequencies between 2.4 to 5 ghz depending on the data amount available on the network used (Trulove 102). This is a very higher frequency compared to that used by cell phones and televisions and hence allows for the distribution of more data. It is projected that by the pace of current technological development, it will be possible to access the wireless network from any part of the world at any one particular time. One aspect of substantive significance in the study of technology and most especially the wireless technology is that despite its widespread use across the globe, very few individuals actually understand even the basics involved in the operation of these wireless technologies (Wei 61). Like other wireless connections, Wifi uses radio waves for the transmission of information over a particular network (Wei 78), with a major advantage of its high compatibility with almost all operating systems, over other many technologies. However, one critical contrast about Wifi in comparison to other wireless connections is that whereas other wireless connections require access points and routers, essential for the coordination of network traffic for many clients, Wifi operates without any access point instead it supports ad hoc mode connection type allowing devices to network in a peer-to-peer fashion (Harrington 29). In their operation, Wifi works with 802.11 standards of networking (Trulove 107).

Current event paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Current event paper - Essay Example As such, this paper seeks to analyse an article entitled ‘Breeding for improved product quality’ , 22 March, 2013 in a bid to establish its relationship with the above mentioned concept of product quality in real live business terms. A close analysis of the above mentioned article shows that a new multidisciplinary research project involving Teagasc, UCC, UCD and ICBF has underscored to breed for improved product quality in dairy, beef and sheep in Ireland. This comes in the wake of the fact that beef and dairy product are consumed by millions of people in this country hence the aspect of consumer safety and quality should be given the priority it deserves. As such BreedQuality has been awarded a project to ensure that they use state-of-the-art technology to carry out research that is meant to ensure that quality beef and dairy products are offered in the market. The aim of this project is to ensure that the consumers get quality products that do not compromise their health and safety. Research ought to be conducted in order to establish the needs and interests of the customers so as to be in a position to offer quality goods. From the above information, it can be seen that in any business environment, the concept of quality should be given the priority it deserves. This is meant to ensure that the customers get the values from their money. This concept of product quality has been aptly illustrated by the above mentioned news article which shows that the aspect of quality is very important in the beef industry. As shown in the article, research is carried out to enhance improved quality of the products offered by the companies involved in the beef and dairy industries. An organization that is interested in achieving its profit oriented goals should make sure that it maintains

Industry and Company Analysis - strategy of management Assignment

Industry and Company Analysis - strategy of management - Assignment Example Customer loyalty is not really an issue in this sector as convenience stores will sell the same or similar produces across the board, leaving no buyer switching cost (IBIS World Market Research, 2011b). The second force is the threat of substitute services. The biggest threat to the convenience store sector is supermarkets, which have reported an annual growth of 3.4% in the last 5 years (compared to the -0.4% of convenience store sector). This is because of a general move towards supermarket sales in general, plus many of the supermarket chains entered into the convenience store sector. There is little to no cost to the consumer to change to a substitute service, increasing the threat. The bargaining power of the customer is dependent on many factors, including the location of the convenience store and surrounding options. However, in many cases (particularly in urban areas) customers will have a price sensitivity that may cause them to move to another rival chain. The buyer volume is much lower than for supermarkets, which means that the convenience store sector can be more sensitive to changes in customer power. The bargaining power of suppliers in this sector is interesting, because many of the companies within the convenience store sector will be using the same suppliers. This is because many stock brand name goods. This means there are strong distribution channels and almost no supplier competition. The impact of inputs on cost is high, but will affect all areas of the sector, plus the competing supermarkets (IBIS World Market Research, 2011b). The intensity of competitive rivalry is interesting in this sector. Whilst there are advertising campaigns for 7-Eleven and the other major convenience store chains, the main choice for a customer is the location and ease of access to the store. This means that much of the competitive rivalry in the sector is accumulating property in convenient

Create a Title Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Create a Title - Essay Example ive of business the commercialization of education as entertainment might seem a step towards improvement, the same picture might not be so beautiful while considering the total benefit from the human point of view. Neil Postman in his essay, Learning in the Age of Television, speaks about how the toddlers are targeted and how from the tender age they are made to understand and feel the importance of entertainment. He stresses on the steps that the television serials takes to capture the attention of the children and teaches them to abhor the regular classroom learning. From the very beginning, the television instills in the child’s mind the colorful world of entertainment and commercializes education. Edmundson in his essay On the Uses of a Liberal Education too continues this same fact. While Postman concentrates on the childhood potion of this generation, Edmundson concentrates on the teenage and pre adulthood portion or segments, which includes his observations of his own students. Neil Postman and Edmundson both stresses on the use of guilt that is stressed by the television and how it inculcates the need for entertainment into the minds of the children of this generation from their very birth. Postman argues that the shows like Sesame Street offers the parents guilt free pass this is because in most cases both the parents who are busy in their career cannot give time to their children. This is the reason that their children spend long hours watching TV (Postman). By allowing, their children to watch Sesame Street the parent feel that their children are learning something. This reduces their guilt considerably. Further, it also allows them time away from their children. It helps them to keep their children busy while they work. What they do not understand is the effect that TV has on their children in the later age. Edmundson traces the effect of this childhood TV watching and need for entertainment in his own classroom when he would

GDP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

GDP - Essay Example Measuring GDP is a bit complex, but the most basic form of the calculation can be done in two ways: this is through adding up what everyone earned in a year (income approach) or adding up what everybody spent in a year (expenditure method) (Baumol et al 69). Both methods can give you roughly a similar total. With the income approach, which is also known as (GDP) I is calculated by adding the total compensation to gross profits, employees for both incorporated and non-incorporated firms in addition to taxes without any subsidies. On the contrary, the expenditure method is a more usable or common approach and is calculated by adding investment, total consumption, government spending and net exports. Introduction GDP is termed as the market value of all the final goods and services that are produced domestically in one year. It is also regarded as the single most important measure of macroeconomic performance. It is closely related to the measure of the economy’s total output of products known as gross national product (GNP). This is regarded as the market value of all the final goods and services produced by a nation within a year. The difference between GDP and GDNP is a bit complex. In much more simpler terms, GDP involves only goods and services that are produced by a nations’ own people and their corporations. ... A person can either use statistics to calculate the overall macroeconomic activity. Measuring GDP: The expenditure and income approaches There are two distinct ways of measuring GDP, the income and expenditure approach. In the expenditure approach, we add up the market value of all the domestic expenditure that was made on the final goods and services in a single year. The final goods and services are known as the goods and services that have been purchased for the final use or the goods and services that will not be used in production or resold again in that specific year. On the contrary, the intermediate goods and services are those that can be used in the production of the final goods and services. This type of foods and services are not included in the expenditure approach to obtain the GDP. This is due to the fact that expenditures on intermediate goods and services are included in the market value of expenditures that are made on the final goods and services (Mankiw 89). There fore, including both intermediate and final goods and services using the expenditure approach will lead to double counting thus and exaggeration of the true market value of GDP. The total expenditure of the final goods and services can be broken down into four large types of expenditure categories with reference to the types of goods and services that are purchased. The average total of the four types of expenditure adds up to give us the GDP. These include: a) Investment expenditure: this can be divided into two groups: expenditures on fixed investment goods and that on inventory investment. The fixed investment goods are those that a regarded as useful over a long period of time. Examples of fixed investment