The Islamic Republic of Pakistan

The Islamic Republic of Pakistan is bordered in the north-west by Afghanistan, north by the former USSR and China, east by India and south by the Arabian Sea. The Muslim state that emerged from partition of British India on 14 August 1947 included an eastern wing comprising mainly the eastern half of Bengal province and parts of Assam. (The name Pakistan is coinage representing ‘Punjab, the Afghan border states, Kashmir, Sing and Baluchistan') For nine years Pakistan remained a dominion. It was proclaimed an Islamic republic on 23 March 1956.A federal parliamentary system functioned until-Field -Marshal Muhammad Ayub Khan seized power in a coup in October 1958. Ayub proclaimed a presidential system in the constitution of 1962 and ruled until March 1969, when he was deposed by Gen. Yahya Khan. In the first free elections in December 1970, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's Pakistan People's Part dominated the west, while Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's Awami League swept the board in the east, winni ng 160 of the 162 seats. East Pakistan proclaimed sovereignty and formed the People's Republic of Bangladesh on 26 Narcg 1971.Civil war followed after Yahya, supported by Bhutto, ordered troops to arrest Mujib and put down the Bengali uprising. The east-west war ended in December 1971. Yahya handed over power to Bhutto, who ruled until July 1977, before being over-thrown after an opposition campaign against alleged rigging in general elections. Gen. Zia-ul-Haq took over-initially to hold elections and transfer power to a civilian regime. But elections were twice postponed and Bhutto was tried for the murder of a political opponent and executed. Gen.Zia was killed in a plane crash on August 17, 1988 and Senate Chairman Ghulam Ishaq Khan took over as Action President. The country was placed under emergency rule. In the general election held on November 16,1998 the Pakistan People's Part (PPP) led by Benazir Bhutto won the largest number of seats (92). Benazir assumed office as the PM on December 9. Ghulam Ishaq Khan was elected President on December 12. Benazir was dismissed in Aug. '90 and Nawaz Sharif of Islami Jamhoori Ittehed took over as Pakistan's 11th Prime Minister on November 5. Sharief was dismissed in 1993.The Supreme Court annulled the dismissal leading to constitutional impasse. Moeen Qureshi took over as caretaker Prime Minister in July. PPP returned to power in Oct. '93 and Ms. Bhotto took over as PM once again. In Apr. ;96, Imran Khan launched a new part ‘Movement for Social Justice'. In Nov. , Ms. Bhutto was dismissed as PM, the National Assembly dissolved, and M. M. Khalid appointed caretaker PM. On Feb. 17, 1997, Nawaz Sharif was sworn in as Pakistan's 13th PM. Tensions between the military and PM Sharif ended in a coup by army chief. Gen. Pervez Musharraf on Oct. 12, 1999. Nawaz Sharif was later exiled to Saudi Arabia. e was convinced and sentenced to 25-year-long life sentence on charges of hijacking and terrorism. Pakistan was suspend ed (Oct. 18, 19999) from the Commonwealth. A milestone in Indo-Pak relations was the Lahore bus ride by Indian PM Vajpayee in Feb. 1999. Ethnic and communal conflict that had been raging in Karachi intensified in 1995. The Urdu-speaking Muhajirs are demanding equal rights and autonomy. in Jan-Aug, '97, over 150 persons were killed in Shia-Sunni violence, and at least 250 were shot dead in Karachi. In Aug. , government enacted a new law to combat the growing sectarianism and terrorism.Elections are to be held in Oct. 2002, as per Supreme Court order and judgment. Kashmir: Pakistan controls the northern and western portions of Kashmir, an area of about 84,160 sq km with a population of about 2. 8m. in 1985. The pak-occupied Kashmir has its own Assembly, its own Council, High Court and Supreme Court. There is a Parliamentary form of Government with a Prime Minister as the executive head and the President as the constitutional head. The seat of government is Muzaffarabad. The Pakistan G overnment is directly responsible for Gilgit and Baltistan (the north).On May 28, 1998, Pakistan tested five nuclear devices and this was followed by a sixth one on May 3. Agriculture )including forestry and fishing) is the mainstay of Pakistan's economy, employing about 50% o the working population and providing about 25% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP). The entire area in north and west is covered by great mountain ranges. The rest of the country consist soft a fertile plain wintered by five big rivers and their tributaries. Agriculture is dependent almost entirely on the irrigation system based on these rivers.The main crops are wheat, cotton, maize, sugar-cane and rice, while the Quetta and Kalat divisions (Baluchistan) are known for their fruits and dates. Pakistan is self-sufficient in wheat, rice and sugar. Industry employs about 10% of the population. Manufacturing contributes about 20% to GNP. Refined sugar, vegetable products, jute textiles, soda ash, sulphur acid, caustic soda, chip board and paper board, bicycles, cotton cloth, cotton yarn, cement and steel. Main exports are cotton cloth, cotton yarns, rice, leather, carpets and tapestries. There are international airports at Karachi, Islamabad, lahore, Peshwar and Quetta.

Twiga Cement

TWIGA CEMENT Twiga cement is a company of Tanzania that manufactures Portland cement. The company’s objective is manufacturing, selling and distribution of high quality construction cement in Tanzania. Today the company remains the market leader in the cement industry in Tanzania. Twiga cement is produced in grades of Twiga Ordinary and Twiga Extra. The company’s marketing environment consists of forces outside marketing that affect marketing management’s ability to build and maintain successful relationships with target customers.Twiga cement’s marketing environment is made up of micro environment and macro environment. The micro environment consists of other actors close to the company that combine to form the company’s value delivery network. The forces include internal environment, marketing intermediaries, competition, suppliers, publics and the customers. The company’s internal environment consists of several departments and management levels as it influences marketing decision making.The marketing intermediaries which help the company to promote, sell, and distribute products to final buyers also affect the marketing decision making. They include resellers, physical distribution firms, marketing service agencies and financial intermediaries. All these work together in order to create customer value for the products produced. The company also faces stiff competition from competitors. The competitors tend to produce similar goods at a low cost making the company to take decisions in order to keep customers. Some of the competitors include Mbeya cement and Tanga cement companies.The company’s suppliers also play a big part in the marketing environment. The company’s marketing managers usually watch supply availability and costs which helps them in decision making. The resources needed for manufacturing are usually available and obtained at a low cost which increases the sales in the short run and creat es customer satisfaction in the long run. The company’s marketing environment also includes various publics which have an actual or potential interest in or impact on the company’s ability to achieve it’s objectives.The various publics include financial publics, media publics, government publics, local publics, general publics, and many others. For example the financial publics enable the company to obtain funds in order to run the production process as a result creating customer satisfaction. The company’s marketing environment also includes the customers. Customers are the most important actors in the company’s marketing environment. The aim of the entire value delivery system of the company is to serve target customers and create strong relationships with them.The company targets different types of customer markets which include consumer markets that is individuals and households, business markets that is buy goods for further processing, resell er markets that is buy the cement to resell at a profit, others include government markets and international markets. The company’s macro environment consists of larger societal forces that affect the entire micro environment. The company’s macro environment consists of; Demographic environment which is the study of human population in terms of size, density, location, age, gender, occupation, and other statistics.The demographic environment is of major interest to marketers of the company because it involves people and it’s the people that make up the market. There has been an increase on the sales due to rapid population growth and an increase on the market share for the goods produced by the company. The economic environment consists of factors that affect consumer purchasing power and spending patterns. The economic environment offers both opportunities and threats for the company enabling it to take decisions accordingly.Natural environment involves the nat ural resources that are needed as inputs by marketers or that are affected by marketing activities. The company faces several trends in the natural environment which include shortage of raw materials, increased pollution and increased government intervention. The other factors that affect the marketing environment include the technological environment, political and social environment, and cultural environment.

Netherlands decriminalised euthanasia-law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Netherlands decriminalised euthanasia-law - Essay Example The Royal Dutch Medical Association KNMG, together with the Dutch courts, have the responsibility of establishing and maintaining guidelines which are used by physicians in the selection of patients who qualify for either euthanasia, or assisted suicide. If the attending doctor follows all the guidelines given by the KNMG before assisting a patient, he is then not liable for prosecution. Over time, some of these guidelines are being ignored and some of the doctors have resorted to administering the operation without following all the legal guidelines (Dykxhoorn). The Dutch Courts have ruled that euthanasia is allowed to be performed by doctors in cases where, the doctor faces an irresolvable conflict between his responsibility to his ailing patient whose incurable condition necessitates euthanasia, and the Dutch laws which helped make euthanasia illegal. If a patient persistently and freely makes a request for assisted suicide as a result of his condition, the Dutch doctors are obligated to consider the request (Dykxhoorn). The first Dutch government study on euthanasia, The Remmelink Report of September 10, 1991 clearly shows that doctors are increasingly taking over making the making of the decision on if a terminally ill patient is to live or die. In cases where the patient wishes to be aided in suicide or needs euthanasia, the decision on whether a patient should continue to live or is to die is decided by a team of physicians and experts or exclusively by the attending doctor (Patients Rights Council). According to Derek Humphry, Switzerland is the only country, which does not, bar foreigners from obtaining euthanasia and assisted suicide services but laws are carefully regulated to ensure that the reasons for obtaining the assistance are valid as the Swiss laws require. (Humphry) Terminally ill patients should be permitted to decide on whether or not they want to die. However, laws and regulations should be enacted and be strictly regulated to ensure that

Local education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Local education - Essay Example The source of finance acceptable to the institution is the most important factor for many students seeking higher education in American universities, especially international students who have to give evidence of ability to pay for the education. Many students are subjected to a rigorous vetting process to determine their eligibility for financing in cases where they seek for scholarships, grants and loans. The criterion used includes but not limited to; country of origin (citizenship), certain minimum academic qualifications, financial ability, and in some instances work experience, I was lucky to secure financing from the Federal Student Aid program. Having acquired a source of finance, the next major step was enrolling for school and starting my classes. The registration process was long and winding. I started off by obtaining clearance from the finance office after which I was directed to the registrar’s office. At the registrar’s office, I met a long queue of students waiting to be served. I had to wait for 2 hours before my turn came. I submitted the clearance form from the finance office and was subsequently issued with a registration number. From the registrar’s office, I headed for the deans office who now issued me with course application forms. I applied for the course and Units of the first semester. I then had to wait for verification from the programme director and have the application forms stamped. The forms would then be taken to the dean’s secretary for filing. The registration process often is a challenge to new students joining universities. The process involves far too many form filling and verification procedures that would prove a challenge to a freshman especially so for international students who also face language barrier problems. After this process, the dean’s secretary gave me the time table and a manual with all the information I needed to know. The classes were to start the following Monday. Monday

Culture in American Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Culture in American Society - Essay Example Culture can be judged by means of religion, lifestyle, literature, music, foods, arts, and architecture, language, fashions, behaviors, rituals, and symbols employed by individuals of a society (Tyler 1974). The culture is shifted from generation to the other generation and keeps on changing (Kroeber and Kluckhohn 1952). The topic, which interests me the most, is the association of culture to the development of society and individuals of a society. American society has developed not because of one culture but it has many cultures behind its origin. America is a multicultural society in which, people from different societies develop and add their own cultural values to this multicultural society (Schlesinger 1991). Because of the existence of multiple cultures in America, the society as a whole is affected (Schlesinger 1991). I want to do research on American society and the role of multiple cultures and individuals from those cultures on the development of the society as a whole. I w ant to analyze whether the multicultural impact on the society has come up to be advantageous or disadvantageous and how has the society developed because of the migration of individuals from multiple cultures. Culture is an important part of our lives, which is responsible for shaping our personalities (Dabaghian 1970). It enables us to develop into the individuals as we are. People from different cultures are different because of the different social values that are there because of culture (Tyler 1974). With the help of culture, the development in a society can be judged. With the passage of time, the culture of a society goes through various transactions that are the outcome of change in cultural values because of many reasons (Dabaghian 1970). This aspect can be better judged in American society that has gone through many transactions since its development.  Ã‚  

Strategic Planning and Implementation Case Study

Strategic Planning and Implementation - Case Study Example Today, Gillette is a business unit of global corporation, Proctor and Gambler. Its global expansion was rapid during the first twenty years of Gillette's existence, with offices and plants opened in a multitude of countries around the world. It was, however, the American entry into World War I that propelled even more rapid growth when the army issued Gillette razors and blades to all military personnel. Gillette was essentially a single-line product company until the 1940s when the Toni Company was acquired. A third major line of products was added to the company in the early 1950s by the acquisition of the Papermate company. Its major product was a marketleading refillable ballpoint pen. Today, Gillette is the largest dollar value marketer of writing instruments in the world with Papermate, Waterman, Parker and Flair among its brand franchises (Gillette Company Home Page 2008) In Gillette, corporate strategy, regardless of how elegantly conceived, how comprehensive its scope, or how forward-looking its thrust, does not provide competitive advantage until it is communicated, understood, valued and acted upon by a variety of key corporate stakeholders. The main criteria for stakeholder participation are that employees must understand, accept and internalize corporate strategy if the strategic blueprint is to be transformed into positive strategic results (Clegg et al 2005). Suppliers, strategic partners and customers must have a basic understanding and appreciation of the firm's strategic direction if these stakeholder relationships are to flourish and be productive. Only when the corporate strategy message is communicated in a clear, concise, timely and persuasive manner to key corporate stakeholders does the firm have an opportunity to achieve competitive advantage (Amit & Schoemaker 1993). Key Criteria for Strategy Reviewing In Gillette, the key criteria for strategy reviewing are current performance and new strategic objectives, competition in the industry and market changes (demographic and income) (Clegg et al 2005). Gillette management understands that the strategy must embody a strategic view of the future and a plan designed to achieve strategic goals and objectives. The strategic vision must be responsive to emerging opportunities and sensitive to the internal strengths of the company. As the multinational

Logistics Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Logistics Management - Essay Example Alcoa serves the aerospace, automotive, packaging, building and construction, commercial transportation, and industrial markets, bringing design, engineering, production, and other capabilities of Alcoa's businesses as a single solution to customers. The company has 116,000 employees in 44 countries. In 2006 it was 10 times safer to work for Alcoa than it was in 1991. Alcoa makes a very sustainable product: almost 70% of the aluminum ever produced is still in use, equal to 480 million metric tons (529 million tons) of a total 690 million metric tons (761 million tons) manufactured since 1886. Every day, worldwide, Alcoa: A logistics manager is a person who manages the processes involved in a supply chain and is responsible for it. He is in relation to many work groups for example retailers, customers and manufactures. All the work is expected from a logistics manager is to order all the production processes so that customer finally gain enough satisfaction with the product or service purchased. The role of a distribution manager coordinated with logistics management skills is controlling the stock and market, control on warehousing and transportation affairs and having control on the structures and making sure that everything is in place and works in order. One important key that plays a vital role in logistics management is Information Technology. Logistics managers make the most of Information Technology to forecast too complicated behaviours of system as complex as stocks or project completion times. They also take the advantage of information industry in predicting the costs and evaluation or pr ocesses inside the structure of large companies.3 A person in this position may be assigned to any of the following tasks according to the need of the company which is hiring a Distribution/Logistics Manager. Here are some of the roles of a Distribution/Logistics Manager: "monitoring the quality, cost and efficiency of the movement and storage of goods; coordinating and controlling the order cycle and associated information systems; analyzing data to monitor performance and plan improvements; allocating and managing staff resources according to changing needs; liaising and negotiating with customers and suppliers; Developing business by gaining new contracts, analyzing logistical problems and producing new solutions. When managing warehouse or transport staff, the role may also include: implementing health and safety procedures; managing staff training issues; motivating other members of the team; project

Project and homework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Project and homework - Essay Example > 30. Under the assumption that the population is distributed normally a two sample z test for independent samples with unknown ÏÆ'1 and ÏÆ'2 is suggested. The above mentioned test is used to test the difference between the means of two populations. The standardized test statistics is, The computed T-statistics and p-value with 5% level of significance and critical value t(0.05, 82) = 1.98, are exhibited in table 1.1. The computation is done under the assumption of unequal variances due to the observed difference of respective values in descriptive statistics (table 1.0) between both the samples. 2) Columns containing data are OLD, NEW. This data contains information showing the amount of sales for 15 stores both before and after new shelf facings were installed. You suspect and wish to prove that the mean sales with the new facings is different from the mean sales under the old facings. The samples are considered as dependent due to the fact that they are related to same population. The population standard deviations of the both the samples are unknown. The sample sizes are considered to be small i.e. < 30. Under the assumption that the population is distributed normally a paired sample t-test is suggested. The above mentioned test is used to test the difference between the means of two dependent samples. The standardized test statistics

Economic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Economic - Essay Example There are even stray reports of tribes, scavenging the barren earth to seek out any plant life, or sapling which may have grown under cover and beneath the rocks. Concerted efforts have been made to serve cooked food at many centers, and even dry food packets have also been distributed from various locations in order to tackle this menace. The effectiveness of these adopted strategies can be felt to a great extent, but to completely wipe out this menace from the earth’s face, needs a long drawn and sustainable fight. It is indeed an irony, that when hunger and malnutrition is so rampant, large tracks of cultivable land explicitly for agricultural production, is being covertly and illegally altered to cultivate the highly profitable ‘poppy’ crop. The cash rich small farmers brave the authorities’ eyebrow, and a few corrupt officials are bought off by the powerful lobby of drug mafias, not only in Africa but in a few countries of Latin America. The world authority is striving hard, but political boundaries often act as a hindrance. The following table and illustration will make the gap between the income of developed and developing economies prominent: The prominent height of the two columns corresponding to the nations of America and UK shows the stark difference in individual level income or wealth from that of the developing economies of China and India. However, in these less developed countries of the world, the problem is not restricted to the cultivation of ‘poppy’ only by a restricted few – the signs are ominous enough! A whole new generation has been entrapped in its grip. It is quiet widespread in the towns and cities, and that too, among a cross- section of the society who can ill afford to. It is indeed a tragedy that the less fortunate strata among these less developed countries are its worst victims, who could otherwise have lived a life not so mucky and enslaved. The rehabilitation

Core Subsystems Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Core Subsystems - Assignment Example The scheduler policies fail to receive priority from the memory managers. In such scenarios, there may de diverge allocations of the central processing unit (Torkkeli and Tuominen, pg. 277). Such a scenario may result to two main problems. For instance, there is the schedule oblivious; where scheduling policies fail to exist and even those who are operating, the systems do not use it. In addition to that, the core objective remains to maximize the final and overall faults. Such an approach deters the achievement of schedule goals. The scheduling aspects of the general systems are based on the priority purposes in all times. The input is kept at a high end at all times. Delaying of one priority task occurs for the sake of more than five low priorities. Real time operating systems have the mandate of managing the hardware aspects, which are found in the computer, and other applications installed in it. It remains very reliable it enhances measurement and general automation where the downtime remains a costly affair. The real time systems operate under maximal time. It does provide a high level of real time consistent timing (Grimmer and King, pg. 2647). A number of real-time systems are constructed and operate using the general systems. The operating system is at the chance of providing real time support though they are engineered for a robust real time production, with a number of unpredictability. The disk activity and schedule granularity is at a consistent angle. The critical difference between the general-purpose operations system and real-time operating system is all about the physical aspects of the system. It is all about the time sensitivity aspect. An example of a time conscious system is an automated machine, where one gets the money in not more than five seconds after request of the transaction. Such a system is critical in being time responsive. A personal computer does not portray such a time sensitivity aspect. When one is

Costs and benefits of the migration Essay Example for Free

Costs and benefits of the migration Essay The costs are highly experienced in the developing countries than the developed countries. The migration of the practitioners leaves the medical system being completely inadequate to carry out its mandate on top of the many other problems such institutions already faces. Therefore, the first major cost faced due to the migration is the lack of the institutions to provide the required medical care to the citizens. This becomes worse when it is not possible for the institutions to replace the manpower lost. This means that those left behind to work in the institutions will have to be overworked while still being paid the little amount they used to receive. The more the employees are strained, the more they are pushed to look for better working conditions elsewhere making the situation worse (Stewart, Clark Clark, para 11). The other cost comes in form of the investment that has been used in the training of the practitioners who migrate. Most of the developing countries subsidize or entirely sponsors the training of these practitioners. It thus implies that the investment the government puts in such personnel is lost when they migrate to the developed countries. The major benefits that this migration brings can be categorized into the remittances that the practitioners send to their home countries, and the skills they get due to the exposure. The amount sent home is more important in improving the economic life of those left behind and the nation as a whole. This remittance plays a significant role in the practitioner’s country of origin’s economy in form of foreign funds. This has made some countries like the Philippines to train more nurses and sent them to practice in developed countries and thus contribute to the Gross National Product growth (Tujan, para 15). Most of the developing countries do not have enough medical facilities. Therefore, when the practitioners moves temporarily to the developed countries, they get to be exposed at high levels of technology which makes them have improved skills that will plays a significant role in developing the medical system in their home country when they go back. This implies that the country of origin might save a lot in terms of what could have been spent in specialized training or higher education for the practitioners. The major problem with this however is that, many of the practitioners do not return home, and when they do, they have retired hence not productive. In the developed countries In the country of origin, the migration causes a lot of costs than the benefits. However, on the receiving countries, the benefits accrued are higher than the costs incurred. The issue of recruitment within any organization is usually a costly affair. Recruitment of the immigrants is thus more costly than local recruitment. This can force the organization and the government to pass the extra costs to the consumers increasing the cost of living in the society. The cost can also be experienced in the course of resettlement of the immigrants (Stilwell et al, para 7). There are some instances in which the immigrants are willing to take up some policies set by a government more than the local practitioners. For instance, working in form of contracts or part-time. Many of the locals do not agree with this, hence when the immigrants seem to agree with such a policy, they are usually recruited in favor of the locals, and this will generally affect the wages of the local practitioners, which will further go down affecting the tax bracket of the receiving country. In a case where the locals see that they are competing with the immigrants, there can be low morale and reduced commitment in the working. This might be looked at in the micro economic level as affecting only the firm; however, the macro-economic effect has to be put in consideration. The most important benefit of the professionals inflow from the developing to the developed countries is experienced when there is no shortage of the practitioners. This means there shall be improved provision of health care services. The local practitioners in developed countries mostly would need to be paid higher remunerations as compared to the immigrants. Therefore, if the immigrants are employed, it means they shall provide medication at a cheaper rate which will go down reducing the cost that could be passed to the consumer. On the other hand, the government will benefit from the taxes that will be collected from the foreign practitioners (Crush, pp 7). Conclusion Both countries have some benefits and costs they get when the professionals migrate. However, as argued, most of developing countries get more costs than the benefits from these acts. It is thus important that the concerned stakeholders should come up with policies that would see ethical migration between the receiving and sending country so that no country benefits at the expense of another. Work Cited Crush J. The Global Raiders: Nationalism, Globalization and the South African Brain Drain, 2002. Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 56, Issue 1, pp 4-7. Kapur D Mchale J. Should a Cosmopolitan Worry about the Brain Drain? 2006, Journal of Ethics International Affairs, Vol. 20, Issue 3, pp 11-15. Stewart J, Clark D Clark P F. Migration and Recruitment of Healthcare Professionals: Causes, Consequences and Policy Responses, 2007. Retrieved on October 28, 2008 from http://www. focus-migration. de/The_Migration_and_Re. 2496. 0. html? L=1. Stilwell B, Diallo K, Zurn P, Dal Poz M R, Adams O Buchan J. Developing evidence-based ethical policies on the migration of health workers: conceptual and practical challenges, 2003. Journal of Human Resources for Health, Retrieved on October 28, 2008 from http://www. human-resources-health. com/content/1/1/8. Tujan A. Health Professionals Migration and its Impact on the Philippines, Journal of Asia Pacific Research Network, 2002. vol. 6, Issue 1. Retrieved on October 28, 2008 from http://www. aprnet. org/index. php? a=showc=Volume%206%20March%202002t=journalsi=5.

Carlos Villaluz Francisco Essay Example for Free

Carlos Villaluz Francisco Essay Carlos Villaluz Francisco, born in 1914, was the son of Felipe Francisco and Maria Villaluz of Angono, Rizal. Francisco studied at the University of the Philippines (UP) School of Fine Arts. Before the war, he did illustrations for the Tribune and La Vanguardia, and later, with Victorio Edades and Fermin Sanchez painted sets for the Manila Grand Opera House, and the Clover Theater. He was also a member of the Thirteen Moderns a group formed in 1938. After WWII, Francisco taught at the University of Santo Tomas, simultaneously working in film-making with Miguel conde, as the scriptwriter for Ghenghis Khan, Putol na Kampilan (Broken Sword) and Tatlong Labuyo, (Three Wild Roosters). He also designed costumes for Romeo at Julieta, (Romeo and Juliet) as well as Prinsipe Tenoso, (Prince Tenoso) Ibong Adarna, (Adarna Bird), Siete Infantes de Lara, and the Juan Tamad series. Francisco belonged to the first generation modernists who, with Edades and Galo B.  Ocampo, constituted the pioneering triumvirate which attempted to change the direction of Philippine art from the tenacious influence of the Amorsolo school in new and fresh idioms of visual expression. In the struggle for modern art, Francisco was one of the artists/protagonists in the center of the fray. His painting :Kaingin (Swidden), a modernist composition with strong design and rhythm, won him the first prize in the historic first national art exhibition of the Art Association of the Philippines (AAP) held at the National Museum in 1948. Francisco, along with Edades and Ocampo were commissioned to do a number of murals for lobbies and for private residences such as that of the architect Juan Nakpil. These murals featured stylized figures in flowing curvilinear lines: nymphs dancing or playing the flute, often against a background of tropical vegetation. Through these works, the artists contributed towards developing a Filipino imagery, drawing inspiration from the the customs and traditions of the Philippine people, as well as from familiar environments. In the quest for a Filipino modernist idiom, Francisco, who chose to be based in his fishing village of Agono, observed Philippine folk aesthetics and researched Philippine histon,, customs, and traditions. He arrived at an idiom which was both Filipino and Asian. Francisco employed bold folk colors, flowing rhythmic lines and decorative patterns often covering the entire field of the painting. He evoked the communal life of Philippine gatherings and celebrations. His images of women were drawn from mythology. uch as Mariang Makiling; from history and legend, such as Princesa Urduja; from customs of the past, such as the maiden carried on a hammock across the mountain in Antipolo; and from contemporary folk, such as the woman preparing fish for sinigang. Fisherfolk were among his favorite subjects since he lived in a fishing village. He showed his closeness to the folk in paintings such as the Camote Eaters, his last and unfinished work. Franciscos first important mural was done for the 1953 International Fair held in Manila. On the theme of 500 years of Philippine History, its scope covered the legendary origin of the Filipino with the first man and woman Malakas and Maganda springing from the primal bamboo, up to the administration of then incumbent President Elpidio Quirino. The mural was finely executed in wood by the Paete woodcarvers. Foreign visitors to the Fair were impressed by Franciscos mural which received full Newsweek, but local sentiment was lukewarm and the work was promptly carelessly disposed of after the fair. Franciscos major masterpiece is the mural for the Bulwagang Katipunan of the Manila City Hall, commissioned by Manila mayor Antonio Villegas during his administration. Filipino Struggles through History chronicles the history of Manila from the first great Rajahs of Tondo, the Spanish colonial period, Balagtas, Rizal and the Revolution of 1896, up to the American colonial period which becomes the history of the entire nation itself. In this work Francisco often integrated several historical episodes, in smaller scale, under one period. The episode groups, however, are not static but flow into each other by means of various linking devices, such as a winding river, flames branching out, or clouds coiling in spirals. The murals are marked by artistic vigor and inexhaustible inventiveness, a lively characterization of the numerous historical figures, and unifying all, a strong sense of design. Andres Bonifacios figure makes a compelling visual impact as he is shown forging forward, leading the Katpunero with their long bamboo spears, rifles, and bolos. Among the many dynanic scenes is the encounter between Limahong and the Spanish soldiers as they thrust their weapons at each other. A smaller mural is the Pageant of Commerce in four sections: two sides on the history of Philippine trade, from commercial relations with China and Arabia to the Manila Acapulco alleon trade: a section on the development of modern industry in factories, travel and communication; and the central one of a Filipino couple in native costume, the woman slipping a coin into a bamboo alkansya, with the spirit of commerce hovering above. Francisco also did the murals on the Life and Miracles of St Dominic for Santo Domingo Church, 1954; and the Stations of the Cross for Far Eastern University, 1956. He worked with Victorio Edades and Galo B.  Ocampo on the mural of Rising Philippines for the Capitol Theater and murals for the Golden Gate Exposition, the State Theater, the houses of Pres Manuel Quezon, Ernesto Rufino, and Vicente Rufino. Franciscos Kaingin won first prize in the 1948 painting competition of the Art Association of the Philippines. He received the Patnubav ng Sining at Kalinangan Award from the City of Manila in 1964. He was proclaimed National Artist in painting in 1973.

Auditory processing in Speech Production

Auditory processing in Speech Production The integration of auditory feedback from self generated speech sounds into upcoming motor commands is important for the stability and control of speech production. For example, children with profound hearing impairment experience greater difficulty acquiring and maintaining speech than their normal hearing peers (Campisi, Low, Papsin, Mount, Harrison, 2006; Kishon-Rabin, Taitelbaum-Swead, Ezrati-Vinacour, Hildesheimer, 2005; Moeller, Hoover, Putman, Arbataitis, Bohnenkamp, Peterson, Lewis et al., 2007; Moeller, Hoover, Putman, Arbataitis, Bohnenkamp, Peterson, Wood et al., 2007). Also, adults with acquired hearing loss show a gradual degradation of their previously proficient articulatory ability that is partially restored after cochlear implantation (Kishon-Rabin, Taitelbaum, Tobin, Hildesheimer, 1999). The importance of auditory feedback for speech motor control in normal speakers has been demonstrated via perturbation studies. Various studies have shown the compensatory impact perturbing the volume (Bauer, Mittal, Larson, Hain, 2006), pitch (Burnett, Senner, Larson, 1997), phonetic accuracy (Houde Jordan, 1998) and timing (Jones Striemer, 2007) of auditory feedback has on the kinematic and acoustic outcomes of speech production in normal speakers. Computational neural network models of speech production have also been used to demonstrate the importance of auditory feedback for articulatory control (Guenther, Husain, Cohen, Shinn-Cunningham, 1999; Perkell et al., 2000). Perturbing the timing of auditory feedback in people who are fluent is known to induce a variety of articulation disturbances. Specifically, delayed auditory feedback varied between 200 ms and 400 ms during reading aloud results in a reduced number of correct words, increased total reading time, monosyllabic sound substitutions, omissions, insertions and additions including repetitions (Fairbanks, 1955; Fairbanks Guttman, 1958; B. S. Lee, 1950; B. S. Lee, 1951; Stuart, Kalinowski, Rastatter, Lynch, 2002; Yates, 1963). Conversely, delayed auditory feedback has been shown to positively influence speech fluency in people who stutter (Adamczyk, 1959; Kalinowski, Stuart, Sark, Armson, 1996; Ryan Van Kirk, 1974; Soderberg, 1968; Stuart, Kalinowski, Armson, Stenstrom, Jones, 1996; Stuart, Kalinowski, Rastatter, 1997). The degree of fluency enhancement varies depending on a number of variables (e.g. delay duration, feedback intensity), the context and the individual (Armson, Kiefte, Ma son, DeCroos, 2006; Wingate, 1970). As a result of the variable responses reported in the literature, the clinical effectiveness of altered auditory feedback as a treatment tool remains controversial (Antipova, Purdy, Blakeley, Williams, 2008; Lincoln, Packman, Onslow, 2006; ODonnell, Armson, Kiefte, 2008; Pollard, Ellis, Finan, Ramig, 2009; Stuart, Kalinowski, Rastatter, Saltuklaroglu, Dayalu, 2004; Stuart, Kalinowski, Saltuklaroglu, Guntupalli, 2006; Wingate, 1970). The basis for the variable response of adults who stutter to delayed auditory feedback is not known. Various theories have been put forward to describe how delayed auditory feedback induces fluent speech in some individuals who stutter. It has been proposed that delayed auditory feedback results in speech improvement by forcing the person who stutters to assume a new pattern of speech movement (Goldiamond, 1965). The new pattern is claimed to be established and maintained via operant learning principles with the delayed auditory feedback functioning as aversive negative reinforcement. As pointed out by Wingate (1970), the conceptualization of this process is unclear and incomplete. However, there is some evidence to support the claim that a new speech pattern is learned (Ryan Van Kirk, 1974). It has also been proposed that the delayed auditory feedback is corrective in nature thereby improving fluency. However, the contrary that delayed auditory feedback is distorted feedback seems to be obvious (Wingate, 1970). Some authors have posited that the key to delayed auditory feedback’s effectiveness is the reduction of meaningful feedback (Wingate, 1970) denying the person who stutters the ability to rely on this potentially inefficient control system. This assertion is somewhat supported by the observation that masking of auditory feedback also induces fluent speech in some individuals who stutter (Sutton Chase, 1961; Wingate, 1970). Lastly, it has been proposed that delayed auditory feedback is effective because of the tendency of individuals to slow their speech rate, prolong vowel duration and increase vocal intensity and fundamental frequency (Wingate, 1970). However, changes to speech characteristics such as a slower rate cannot be the only reason that delayed auditory feedback is effective, as it has been demonstrated to have similar fluency enhancing effects even at fast rates of speech (Kalinowski et al., 1996; Stuart et al., 2002). The effects of altered auditory feedback on speech fluency in people who stutter demonstrate the importance of auditory processing in the disorder. Advancing our understanding of the role auditory processing plays in the speech production of people who stutter may begin to elucidate the mechanisms behind fluency inducing altered auditory feedback. 1.5.2 Auditory processing in normal and stuttered speech production: Behavioural studies of auditory processing in adults and children who stutter have yielded evidence of central auditory processing differences in these populations relative to fluent age-matched peers. Rousey, Goetzinger and Dirks (1959) reported that 20 stuttering children showed below normal performance on sound localization. Lack of sound localization skills may be indicative of temporal lobe disorders (Jerger, Wekers, Sharbrough, Jerger, 1969). Various studies have employed batteries of audiometric tests to behaviourally evaluate central auditory processing in adults children who stutter. Rousey, Goetzinger and Dirks (1959) reported that 20 stuttering children showed below normal performance on sound localization. Hall and Jerger (1978) reported that adults who stutter performed poorly relative to fluent adults on a subset of such tests. They concluded that the results suggested the presence of a subtle central auditory processing deficit in adults who stutter. Anderson, Hood an d Sellers (1988) conducted a similar study and found that adolescents who stuttered performed poorly on only one subtest as compared to a group of age-matched control participants. They similarly concluded that if a deficit exists it is subtle. Evidence of a subtle central auditory processing deficit has also been demonstrated in children who stutter. For example, children who stutter have been found to have higher thresholds on backward masking tasks than children who do not stutter (Howell, Rosen, Hannigan, Rustin, 2000). Howell et al. also found a positive correlation between backward masking thresholds and stuttering severity in children who stutter. In a follow-up study Howell and Williams (2004) investigated children who stutter on a battery of audiometric tests including backward masking tasks. Based on the profile of performance on the audiometric battery of tests, Howell et al. (2004) reached the conclusion that children who stutter had a different developmental pattern of central auditory processing abilities relative to their fluently speaking age-matched peers but they did not specify the nature of that difference. More recently, central auditory functioning was evaluated behaviourally and with electroencephalography in adults who stutter (Hampton Weber-Fox, 2008). Behaviourally, adults who stutter performed less accurately and demonstrated longer reaction times in response to the prompt tone in a standard oddball paradigm. However, a small subgroup of adults who stutter was found to be driving the results. The same subgroup of poor performing adults who stutter also demonstrated abnormal evoked auditory waveforms. Hampton and Weber-Fox (2008) concluded that this subgroup demonstrated deficient non-linguistic auditory processing. Objective tests like AEPs are valid and useful measures to study auditory processing in persons with stuttering as they reflect changes in auditory system as stimuli is processed.

Immigration and Change as Natural :: Globalization Immigration Migration Essays

Immigration and Change as Natural Voyages: From Tongan Villages to American Suburbs, by Cathy A. Small, is both interesting and entertaining reading. This ethnography of social change of a Pacific island nation, is a fine example of how a system of chiefdoms evolves into a monetary system. It also served to demonstrate how this process affected immigration in mainstream America. My first reaction stemmed from a political theory class I took. This in conjunction with, sociologist Saskia Sassen’s article â€Å"Why Migration† , about the reasons why migration has become a key element of contemporary global society, brought to mind the writings of Karl Marx. Marx who lived from 1818-1883, write extensively on the capitalist form of government and criticized it openly. Although I do not agree with the Marxist school of thought in general, I saw many truths in the things that he proclaimed. Among these he addressed the inroads of capitalism and its corruption of other societies. These issues, along with the many readings we have had, brought to the forefront some of my own feeling of discontent with our present society and world globalization, a discontent different and at times very similar to those who migrate. In â€Å"Why Migration?†, Sassen states, â€Å"The central role played by the United States in the emergence of a global economy over the past 30 years lies at the core of why people migrate here in ever increasing numbers†(Sassen 14). The author goes on to tell how the flow of capitalist goods, services and information creates links between the United States and other countries. These links become bridges across which migrants, like the Tongans flow. With this in mind I could not help thinking how right Marx was, and how well he had forecasted Tongan transnationalism. In â€Å"The German Ideology† Marx writes, in reference to capitalists and their goods, â€Å"in place of old wants satisfied by the production of the country, we find new wants requiring for satisfaction the production of distant lands and culture.† He also writes, â€Å"In place of the old local and national seclusion and self-sufficiency we have intercourse in every direction, universal interdependence of nations† (Marx 162). This to me best sums up the transition of Tongan society. It seems to be the epitome of the issues Sassen raised in â€Å"Why Migration?†, issues that were relevant in Tonga’s new found transnationalism.

Malcolm X Essay -- essays research papers

The 1950’s and 1960’s were decades full of powerful speakers. These speakers could motivate people in such a strong way. They were a huge part of the Civil Rights Movement being successful. One of these powerful speakers was Malcolm X. He led a very interesting, yet tragic life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Malcolm X was born Malcolm Little on May 19, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska. He was one of eight children. His mother, Louise Norton Little, was a homemaker while his father, Earl Little, was a Baptist minister. His father was a devoted follower of Marcus Garvey, who was the Black Nationalist leader. Malcolm had already moved twice by the time he was four because of threats aimed towards his father from white supremacy groups. Earl tried to get his family away from groups like the Black Legion but despite his efforts, the Legion burned down their house in Lansing, Michigan in 1929. In 1931, Malcolm’s father’s body was found mutilated on the town’s trolley tracks. Even though both incidents were ruled by police, the family knew the Black Legion was behind them both. Louise had a very hard time with the death of her husband. A few years after he died, Louise broke down and was committed to a mental institution. Because of this, all eight children were split up into various foster homes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Malcolm was always a very smart student. In junior high, he was at the top in his class. Malcolm went through some hardships in school though. One of his favorite te...

Emotion and Feeling in Lord Byrons Poetry Essay -- Poetry Analysis

The genre of poetry itself produces connotations based around raw emotions, especially when considering poetry from the Romanticism era. Furthermore, poetry which is based on emotions (whether negative or positive) is what makes it successful in evoking a more personal response from the reader. When exploring poetry references such as 'The English Poetic Mind' by Charles Williams, he states how when 'We are told of a thing; we are made to feel as if that thing were possible to us; and we are so made to feel it-whatever the thing may be, joy or despair...knowledge is an intense satisfaction to us '1. This statement supports the idea that a certain emotion must be within a poem, meaning if the reader is able to relate to it, the poem is more effective. However, these quotes support the importance of emotion within poetry, but what about the importance of emotion within the poet? Throughout this essay, Lord Byron will be the main poet of focus, as his notorious lifestyle suggests that t rue emotion may have been his weakness. His poems 'Fare Thee Well!' (composed 18 March 1816: From Poems (1816)) and 'When we two parted' (composed August or September 1815: From Poems (1816)) will also be the primary focus, as they represent two negative influences which happened in Byron's life that would have produced an emotional response. When first approaching Byron's poetry, the reader would find it difficult not to judge the poem without putting it in the context of his famous reputation. He was a celebrity of his time due to his lavish and liberal lifestyle. Paul West states that 'The difficulty is that if we respond to him at all, we respond to his temperament '2. But how would one respond to his poetry if they had no previous knowledg... ...ling. To complete the discussion, the assessment of Byron and his works leads to the belief that personal emotions and feelings are important, as it is through this delicate, yet expressive language, that poetry is formed. Bibliography: Williams, Charles, (1932). The English Poetic Mind. Oxford University Press West, Paul (1963). BYRON A collection of critical essays. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Marchand, Leslie A. (1957) BYRON A Biography. Volume Two. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. Poems: 'Fare Thee Well!' by Lord Byron (composed 18 March 1816: From Poems (1816)) taken from Wu, Duncan, (2006) Romanticism An Anthology, Third Edition. Blackwell Publishing. p. 850-852. 'When we two parted' by Lord Byron (composed August or September 1815: From Poems (1816)) taken from Wu, Duncan, (2006) Romanticism An Anthology, Third Edition. Blackwell Publishing. p. 849.

Philip Larkin Here

He can see everyday life during his journey, â€Å"traffic†, â€Å"workmen at dawn†. He also describes his runner into hull by the use Of the widening Of the river Hummer, which runs through Hull. It shows that he started his journey where the river was thin and at its source and has followed the winding path to its mouth. At the end of the first stanza, Larkin uses a mixture of impressions to describe the nature around him, â€Å"gold clouds† and â€Å"shining gull marked mud†.Larkin is using this mixture of positive words to describe a negative scene to portray a kind of beauty, Larkin tells the reader how it is, he is an observer. In the second stanza, Larkin describes the town, which shows that Larkin is near the ND of his journey. Larkin begins his portrayal of the town by using a list of descriptive words such as â€Å"scattered streets†, â€Å"barge filled waters, â€Å"spires and cranes†. These different descriptive words show the ac tivity of the port and portray a sense of confusion (scattered and crowded).Hull is a very busy port town and used in exporting lots of goods and has been like that for many years, which is why Larkin is able to use the historic nature of the town in his poem, † slave museum†, â€Å"residents of raw estates† (the word raw here suggests new, which shows how the port has probably been regenerated after the destruction caused in the war and the increase in demand for houses). Larkin is also telling the reader the time period in which he is writing in, â€Å"grim head-scarred wives†, generally worn by working class women; however the word grim puts a more depressing look on things.The time period is also portrayed in the description of the buses, â€Å"flat faced trolleys†, the new style of bus, with a flat face instead of curved. Also the list of different items t the end of stanza 2 show the boom in Britain after the Second World War with new technolog ies and the explosion of materialism. In stanza 3, the first line Larkin says â€Å"urban yet simple†, this can either be interpreted in a negative way or a positive way. It could show how Larkin looks down on them and feels as though he is better than them which is negative, however, it could be portrayed as though Larkin is admiring their lifestyle in a nicer, positive way.Larkin describes the port as â€Å"fishy-smelling pastoral Of ships† the word pastoral is a strange word to use however it is a link to the country side (pastoral farming) and is also a possible reference to how the port has hanged over the years and got bigger and more used and so that is why it is â€Å"fishy-smelling'. Thee city does not define Larkin, he is not part of a â€Å"cut- priced crowd† or want â€Å"mortgaged half-built houses†, in fact, most of what the city is representing is the opposite of what Larkin actually wants, which is why the last stanza is all about an isol ate place.In the last stanza of the poem, we start to understand how Larrikin preferable state isolation/loneliness â€Å"loneliness clarifies† which shows that Larkin is saying that you only really know who you are when you are alone. In the fourth stanza is where we find the first full stop of the poem which can be indicated as the train Larkin has been on has come to a halt. The caesuras in the first two lines of stanza four also help to emphasis the quietness and loneliness of the area where Larkin lived the rest of his life.We get other indications of loneliness and isolation in the poem â€Å"Mr. Balance', where a man used to live in a flat by himself with only the bare essentials in it. â€Å"Here silence stands† the alliteration of the â€Å"s† sound and the caesura help to emphasis the stillness and how the poem now comes more static compared to the movement of the previous three stanzas. The rhythm is changed by these caesuras which create a longer se ntence which also makes the poem feel slower and more static.Beyond the main madness of the town, Larkin is able to find more description of beauty which would normally be missed because he has no distractions in this isolate place â€Å"Hidden weeds flower, neglected. By the end of the last stanza, Larkin has moved from his new home to the beach where he stands, looking out over the water â€Å"ends the land†, â€Å"facing the sun† which indicates owe Larkin is now at peace, away from normal everyday madness, he is one with the elements and has no fear in facing the sun like he does with other commitments.This is also emphasizes with the soft alliteration sounds used to describe the area he is in â€Å"shapes and shingle†, â€Å"air ascends†. Larkin uses very clever use of language in the last stanza as he almost tries to paint a big picture on his canvas for his readers to see which is clearly indicated in the line â€Å"bluish neutral distance† , he tries to describe colors to clearly show the natural beauty. And the final line of the poem, really sums up Larrikin love of isolation and loneliness with the phase â€Å"initiative, out of reach† which are very unsociable words, however that perfectly describes Larrikin personality.The last stanza is different to the previous stanzas because Larkin talks about cosmically and elemental objects rather than the materialistic objects by describing the sea, sun, flowers instead of plate glassed doors and flat faced trellises. There is a rhyming scheme used throughout this poem which is very subtle and consist of very few perfect rhymes and more half rhymes.

Distributed Leadership Essay

Leadership is the authorised use that motivates an individual to achieve the shape objectives. This motivation nurtures inspiration that boosts us towards the goal. Now, comes the sermon of whether the lead can be centralised or it can be distri buted among various(a) pot. Once we start the discussion of distributed leading, it should excessively be known whether it is a swimming or vertical dissemination. Horizontal distribution means distributing the lead among the same aim of pot whereas vertical distribution again forks into top-down distribution and bottom-up distribution.Exploring these different approaches we identify two dimensions along which to go through the knowledgeable changes they raise slightly beat how groom drawing cards is distributed crosswise school supply information source and entropy focus. We should also observe the variations between schools and between activities that argon adapted for distributing the responsibilities of leading. L et us also consider different ship expressive style of studying how the work of managing and leading schools is distributed among grosswealth in schools and the methodological and philosophical pros and cons manifold in this work.If we closely observe the passing(a) lives of schools, we can calculate from a distributed sentiment which has the potential to provide useful brain wave into how cargon and lead unfold themselves. In the process of distributing the leaders, we can identify numerous entities in the school crosswise which lead can be distributed, including people in the aspects of the speckle such as r startines and imaginations. epoch there know been recent advances in articulating the abstract frameworks for distributed school leadership, the data-based inquiry base in this area is slight developed.With a few exceptions, most empirical work has involved sm every(prenominal) samples of schools. period performing this study of distributed leadership, w e come across two important observations to be make Across which school actors do researchers excogitate leadership and management is distributed? What aspects of leadership and management work are hypothesized to be distributed across people? These two questions lead to mevery sub questions like Who should provide say of distributed leadership? Leaders, followers, or both?Among leaders, should researchers render evidence on formal leaders, sluttish leaders, or both? Should the proof on distributed leadership come from self-reports or from to a greater extent(prenominal) objective measurement plans such as the reports consecraten by opposites through surveys? How do these various methodological selections about cadence the distributed leadership affect the validity of data? We can use multiple ship canal of identifying actors at bottom schools among whom the work of leadership and management capacity be distributed. A distributed function serves as a new conceptual frame .It helps us actualise leadership praxis and how leadership practices might work more effectively in the condition of schools. It is non a type of leadership or a style of leadership. Its non a model of leadership. Its non nearthing you place on top of a school and say, Now you are doing distributed leadership. A distributed military position is thinking about the situation as an integral part of the leadership stage setting it is an integrated view of leaders thinking, their body process and behaviors, and the situation. The distributed perspective focuses on leadership body process.In an governanceal context, leadership military action might be difficult to plow a vision in the context of the school or trying to modify the instructional practice in grouchy classrooms within a school. It is the activity that we are trying to understand. Think about the configuration of people who are involved, how the context shapes what egests with that activity, and how artifa cts might be an integral part of that activity. The distributed perspective is integrative thinking about all of those pieces and on leadership activity itself.The grow of distributed leadership is an outgrowth of activity surmisal and distributed cognition. Activity theory is about how an activity system works. Think of the cockpit of an air travelplane the people in the cockpit, the instrument panel, the people who are trying to help the plane earthly concern and try to think about the activity of landing the plane non as nearlything an individual person does, not as something the instrument panel does without the people, not as something a pilot could do without the air traffic controller. Try to think about the whole activity system.This is comparable to what is meant by leadership activity. With distributed cognition, we are trying to think about how sense making is stretched everyplace kind interaction and artifacts in an environment. The context and social system m atter. Distributed cognition suggests that peoples thinking and actions dont happen in a vacuum. thought process happens through social interaction and interaction with the environment. These impact how the leadership activity happens. Distributed leadership integrates these central ideas from activity theory and distributed cognition.We think of leadership as an influence family relationship the ability to influence the practices of others in ship canal that bring about a major change in form, nature, and function of some phenomenon. But distributed leadership moves beyond trying to understand leadership through the actions and beliefs of wholeness leaders. It is constituted through the interaction of leaders, teachers, and the situation as they influence instructional practice. Distributed leadership is a powerful way to understand leadership activity in schools in more complex and interconnected ways.Distributed leadership can also be called as dispersed leadership, collabor ative leadership, participatory leadership and shared leadership. Dispersed appears to suggest leadership as an activity that can be fixed at different points within an organization and pre-exists delegation which is a conscious choice in the feat of power. The idea of dispersed leadership is captured by David Greens term leaderful society which involves a community in which people believe they check a contribution to make, can exercise their initiative and can, when relevant to the task in hand, pick up followers.The cooperative leaderships operates on the infrastructure of alliance or partnering or networking. interlocking learning communities, sponsored by NCSL are an feel of quislingism across the boundaries of individual institutions. Collaborative leadership may also go for to an inter-agency context, expressed in schools articulate work with community agencies, parents, teacher groups, and other external stakeholders. Leadership as democratic is by definition an tithetical to power structure and delegation.Elsbernd suggests four defining characteristics (i) a leaders interaction with, and encouragement of others to move fully in all aspects of leadership tasks (ii) wide-spread sharing of information and power (iii) enhancing self-worth of others and (iv) change others for tasks. Democratic leadership can either take the form of consultative (where a leader makes a group stopping point after consulting members about their willingness) or participative decision-making (where a leader makes the decision in collaboration with the group members often based on majority rule).Shared leadership is surpass understood when leadership is explored as a social process something that arises out of social relationships not simply what leaders do. It does not dwell in an individuals qualities or competencies but lies between people, within groups, in collective action, which defies attempts to single out a leader. A common gist that runs through th ese definitions is that leadership is not the monopoly of any one person, a message that is central to the notion of distributed leadership.In distributed leadership, it is not only the headteachers leadership that counts but also the leadership roles performed by police lieutenant heads, substantive teachers, support teachers, members of school councils, boards or governing bodies and students. Leadership is dispersed kind of than concentrated and does not necessarily give any particular individual or categories of persons the privilege of providing more leadership than others.In this light distributed leadership cannot be state to be a new leadership proficiency but rather an skilful label that seeks to re-enforce the fact that leadership take to be a shared activity in schools. It should therefore be conceptualised, not simply as another technique or practice of leadership, but, just as importantly as a way of thinking about leadership in post- marvellous foothold rather tha n a heroic phenomenon.In this way, we can distinguish all the way between delegation as a heroic phenomenon in which distribution is initiated completely from the top (headteacher) and distributed leadership as a post-heroic phenomenon in which distribution does not totally depend on the headteachers initiative. Everyone in the schools should have the opportunity to exercise leadership from the youngest child through out and not just a selected few (Secondary head) and problems in the schools should be dealt openly and honestly with the elaboration of other people (secondary head).Staff who have only been in the school for a short time could also be school leaders in that they institute by their personality, by their vision, by their jobs, commitment, expectations and value that they have got the capacity to lead. In a sense, anyone can be a leader. It is a process that a lot of staff can demonstrate. Formally, the process of distribution is initiated by the headteacher who identifies and delegates leadership responsibilities to individual teachers.Schools, in some places are structured in terms of designated leadership and managerial roles through which the headteacher delegates responsibility. much(prenominal) delegations may be driven by a headteachers recognition that others have expertise that he/she does not have. Distributed in this way, there is an expectation of delivery and the headteachers role is to support and provide. The formality characterising the distribution process gradually leads unto a less formal or unaffixed approach as headteachers develop arrogance in their teachers and require more surefooted in teachers leadership capabilities.As headteachers become more comfortable with their own sureness and feel more able to realize the authority of others they are able to reach the compass of leadership and to let go the more. This is evident in one headteachers comment I think initially from top-down through delegation and as it progresses it becomes both bottom-up and top-down. People who order of battle willingness to take some levels of initiative from any direction are really encouraged. And I love to see it really happen and thats when I become capable.

Emily Dickinson – Theme of Love

During a visit to Philadelphia in 1854, Reverend Charles Wadsworth whos regarded as an deep inspiration of poems was fulfilled by Dickinson.Also, Dickinson isolated herself and emphasized her isolation by dressing in white. Her seclusion is present as a motif in some love poems. The death of her father, and nephew, led to an absolute seclusion and these deaths were probably the reason good for the darker tone in her later poetry.Biographers have tried to find the source of this passion logical and intensity that is found in Emily Dickinson’s poems but there is an enigma when it comes to her love life.Emily Dickinson is considered as among the crucial and well known african American poets.I decided to analyse some poems in which Emily Dickinson wrote about love from these different stranding points. My social Life had stood – a Loaded Gun† A patriarchal society, such as the one Emily Dickinson lived in, had very controlled social norms logical and rules. One as pect of it Dickinson described in her poem â€Å"My Life had stood – a Loaded Gun†. It centers around a masculine figure, a â€Å"Master† and the speaker, â€Å"a Loaded Gun†.

She dwelt 55 years softly.However, the last stanza of this long poem brings this romantic side of it into question. Critics claim that the whole poem is a mere delusion of the lyrical I, merely a self assurance that it is through a union of power that the master and the servant best can be brought to their full potential. â€Å"Though I than He – may longer liveHe longer must – than I – good For I have but the power to kill, Without–the power to die—â€Å" However, with these few lines the poet seems to realize that a life through servitude does not bring one fulfillment, but only the mere illusion of it. More than once, Dickinson uses the expression â€Å"Master† to refer to males in her poetry.William Austin Dickinson is a individuals who is best referred to as a Celebrity.Furthermore, the woman in try this poem is objectified even more than just being rendered through an inanimate object. This can be seen in the second third and fo urth lines of the second stanza, where the poetess describes how it is to be speaking â€Å"for Him†. The irony is subtle here, and very well masked, for the delightful sentiment that emerges throughout the whole poem, especially first stanza number four, is strong enough to keep in shadow the less eminent features. What Dickinson describes as speaking for is in fact being spoken through.

Todd and Higginson released a different group of Dickinsons poetry after worth publishing the very first quantity in 1890.The question of homosexuality has been studied in this context, but it is perhaps the rejection of female traits for the reason that a life of submission to a dominant animalistic great hunter is valued to be nobler than the embracing of one’s true self. Last, but not least, this long poem can also represent the idea of a woman as a poet, one that possesses knowledge and great power which make her destructive. Critic Adrienne Rich believes that creation by a woman is aggression, logical and that it is both â€Å"the power to kill† as well as being punishable. The union of big gun with the hunter embodies the danger of identifying and taking hold of [the woman’s] forces, not least that in so doing she risks defining herself – and being defined – as aggressive, is unwomanly (â€Å"and now we hunt the Doe†), logical and is potentially lethal.Emily received a wonderful education.The first two lines of the first stanza clearly set the terms on which this marriage is built. She little rose to His Requirement – dropt The Playthings of Her Life† The role of the man is very well represented by the capitalization on the single word â€Å"His†. This can not only be interpreted as respect for the husband, but it best can be related to the poem mentioned earlier â€Å"My Life had stood – a Loaded Gun† where the lyrical I relates to her lover as â€Å"Master†. This image of a husband as an omnipotent pillar of power transcends the worldly abilities of men, logical and turns into a God of the household and it is to the needs and wishes of this noble Lord that a wife needs to â€Å"rise†.

She had a life that is very reclusive.For Dickinson the poet, the free play of language and imagination was primary.She believed that her father’s tragedy was his inability to play, and she once wrote, â€Å"Blessed be those who play, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. † worth Something in her recoiled from adult womanhood and made her wish she could remain a child. In a famous letter to her friend Susan Huntington Gilbert Dickinson (who later getting married Emily’s brother, William Austin), she anticipated with a mixture of fascination and dread the prospect of well being consumed by the blazing sun of a husband’s demands.A guy cannot be too careful in the selection of his enemies.Her true true self – her thoughts and opinions remain unmentioned, uncared for by the husband.Dickinson uses the sea to illustrate her point. The ideas and beliefs of a wife are not only hidden deep within the unexplored sea, but they are consider also mixed, cov ered with weeds. A man caching a clam must first go through the barrier, in try this case society’s limitation of a woman’s freedom, in order to get to the treasure that is dark inside – the pearl.

Actually, keep in mind that teens are in reality still slow growing it is common to test out pursuits to find out what sticks.Foregoing the possible greatest joys of marriage, Emily Dickinson chose to pursue â€Å"the poetic calling that enabled her to set what her own â€Å"Requirement† and to retain her â€Å"Playthings† as essential tools of her art. † (Leiter 174) â€Å"If you were coming in the fall. † This is a love poem in which Dickinson writes about her loved one who is far away from her. The distance between her and her lover is not an obstacle unlooked for her feelings, and she is yearning to meet with him.Shes now generally deemed to become an important American poet, although dickinsons reputation for a poet was contested.A season becomes a year in the second stanza. However, even this is not a problem for she will simply â€Å"wind the months in little balls and put them each in separate drawers† (bartleby. om) and make it easier for what her to bare the length of time and just wait until it is time for them to meet. She makes it easier for herself to wait for this moment, by diminishing a last year into months.

When each book reached a edit, their final ritual was designed to exchange better off reading it aloud to another, usually a single page awakens, Kidder stated.She would toss away her life â€Å"like a rind,†(bartleby. com) as something that is not important.While the first four stanzas start with â€Å"If† which implies something hypothetical logical and something that is only a possibility the final stanza begins with â€Å"But now,† which is a return to reality and the young poet is not sure how long she must wait for her lover now. Furthermore, she is not sure if they will meet at all, or is he even coming.1 19th-century Irish book educates women curious regarding the exchange of their upcoming spouse to have a little lump of red lead and place it under their pillow on Midsummers Eve.What if I say I shall logical not wait? This poem is about separation as well.Lovers are here apart because of others, and not their own will. The â€Å"I† of this p oem is very eager to see her lover and she will complete break free by forse if needed from those who are keeping her away from him. It seems as if she is threatening to escape and asking her lover what will happen if how she manages to escape and come to him.

Outline the Level of Engery Security in the Uk

measure the take of vim certification in the UK push exactlyton pledge is defined as the completion to which an affordable, un call into questionable and unchangeable expertness provide expose the axe be achieved. e real(prenominal) redact the outlast a whatsoever(prenominal)er ecstasys, the qualification part in the UK has eer been ever-changing, from producing ample c all e trulyplace and infixed screw up to be a pass exportinginger of both(prenominal) fuels to nowaold age existence on the border of non sluiceting and producing adequacy zip fastener to pick up the nations demands.The accordingly(prenominal) decades of the UKs furtherton were credibly brighter old age than what we outho subroutine visualize ship to in the approaching, with virtuoso police detective from Cambridge University, prof David MacKay, suggesting the UK could suit practised blackouts by 2016 (UK could looking blackouts by 2016 BBC parole tribe two hundred9). Although the usual intention of vigor in the UK has non ext mop up extensive metres, with per capita exercising in 1965 at 3. 6 tonnes petroleum corresponding per course of instruction and in 2005 at 3. 8 tonnes petroleum equivalent, the might aegis of the UK has decline considerably.As knowledge basewide nation increases and to a greater intent countries ar employ oversized tot ups of fogey fuels to trifle their naught demands, the UK is exceptional to the amount it flock import and is entrust to a abase place hale to map to a greater extent(prenominal) than than than than re spick-and-spanable firsts of cipher. Problems at heart geopolitics has withal ca pulmonary tuberculosis problems for the UKs dynamism warranter as prices fluctuate, changing the amount of crude colour we whoremonger export and how untold we stand to give for our trade faculty. by When BP records began, the UK was watch 98% of its capital f aculty from suntan fossil fuels wish petroleum, born(p) feature and char in general out-of-pocket to the increase acid and origin genesis sectors.Pre-1976, the UK was a large importer of crude ascribable to the particular on that backsheesh were truly few know ve build upable rock anoint colour lines that could be used radix(prenominal)ally. In the followers years northeast ocean inunct was as veritableed and return got under authority, intend the UK could piecemeal debase their imports and swear more than than on domestic petroleum. at bottom a few years, in 1981 the UK had commence a enlighten exporter of cover presentation that at this metre on that render was no study topic with dynamism protective covering plainly preferably that on that point was a pleonastic and a risk to give whatsoever cash. The use of life wish waste in the UK did non set strikeed until 1968 and w be was thriving for 30 years ntil its mea sure in 2000 and and so apothegm a gradatory decline. The UK import real lower-ranking liquid, and to the highest degree of the muck up build upd from the unification sea was consumed in the UK and that for a plan geological period did the UK really export internal torpedo. During the prime of life propagation of inborn bungle output, it was disclosed as a second-stringer for ember for home alter and business leader generation as its a lot tidy source of get-up-and-go and could cooperate to discredit the standard pressure contaminant in cities. Up until 1995 the UK trade more or less inborn accelerator pedal from Holland and Nor personal manner which could excessively be an eventful inter-group communication for the proximo.In the 60s, sear was the UKs of import source of special zero, write up for nearly 60% of the quotidian manipulation, further by 1999 this amount had declined to full 16%, presentation how the UK had found e arly(a) sources of nonhing heavy(a) a most(prenominal) larger potpourri to their cipher consumption. If you were to give the UK a puddle for the readiness auspices king for this period, it would probably be a akin nock to today barg further for varied reasons. The kind print would be untold lower as it is sack up that the UK relied on burn, embrocate and gaseous stateoline and got very small-minded vitality from either differentwise sources.However, the on hand(predicate)ness pee would be lots high be relieve unmatchableself we relied some(prenominal) elegant on imports and the volume of force consumed was asseverated domestically. bring in In 2006, the role of principal(a) might that sustains from petroleum, char and gas had bring down from 98% to 92%, exhibit that UK had introduced sun grind away(prenominal) re pertlyable schemes and were change magnitude their transformation. everywhere the quondam(prenominal) 4 decades, cosmo s has increase from 54,350,000 to 60,245,000 alone the per capita consumption has remained middling continuous with a slight increase to 3. 8 tonnes fossil vegetable cover equivalent.Although the UK was deposeing slight on oil and gas consumption, we had wiz time wrick a crystallise importer of oil in 2006, when mating ocean embrocate achievement had chuteed to decline. The locomote output and rise prices of oil argon predicted to seduce a vast veto subject on the UKs saving. We could dupe a ? 5 one thousand million bread in 2000 to a famine of over ? 20 one million million by 2012. It is estimated that on that point ar muted 20 trillion pose of oil open to exploit, precisely in that location is a perplexity that in the warlike securities indus take heed, enthronization is belike to go to some other places in the world and this oil could go to waste. in that respect are excessively worries that with the declining product nd increase con viction on imports that our oil total could be throttle. in that respect is anticipate that snip in the Falkland Islands exit produce affluent oil to pay-off the million pounding deficit. The UK is besides having practiced problems with coal and gas production which is lead-in to even more imports. We hire once once more give out a bread importer of both fuels, and as the market constrains more competitive these fuels pass on give away themselves to the highest bidders centre that everyone in the UK exit nominate to inauguration salaried more for their vim. numerous plurality are scratch to question wherefore we do non use more renewable animation sources like bakshish, solar or atomic vim.Critics enounce that we shouldnt rely on rick elan vital because of its sporadic record and it would marque more spirit to drip the property on change nu lead technologies. The line of descent for atomic brawn is a disputed one so far as plurality moderate up perceive curse things slightly atomic indicant plants. As bulky as you preceptort keep the diddle-in Chernobyl, or thermo thermonuclear waste, or proviso allowance (Association of mercenary postal code Assessors (ACEA) 2011) nix would rescue major problems with nuclear nothing except would or else describe an luck to produce lots of equal-effective, divest button.A sketch from the Lords stinting personal matters military commission has overly suggested it would be worthy man expense property on new business leader plants that are attached to snow enamor and store schemes. This account statement in some(prenominal) case attacked the governings plans of relying more on plunk postal code sources, verbalise that it is a way of ignoring the UKs life force crisis and could in any case induct cost households and particular(a) ? 80 per year. It is clear that at this signification in time, the UK is lite cypher unstable as it has a coarse confidence on inter field imports and the diversity of heartiness sources is evenhandedly limited. faculty warranter has befit a depict tailor for the governing and there are plans in place to decide and tell apart the problem. proximo/ let on Concerns perchance the biggest perplexity for the UKs efficiency future is highlighted in the platter sustainable Energy Without the bouncy conduct by prof David MacKay, where MacKay says the UK could expect blackouts by 2016. The accommodate reason with the occurrence that the projections for function displace and new technologies does not carry up and not liberal designer subject matter is organism build. He told BBCNews this could pass on objet dart coal and nuclear agency displace come to the end of their robust lives and are phased out. prof MacKay believes we get hold of to em fountain more money into renewable and blames the public, for rejecting proposals of wind farms and nuclear m ogul plants bandage demanding a unvaried lifestyle, for the achievable faculty problems. He excessively says how he thinks the blackouts could be the only way to get pack to actualise that we emergency to ornament in modernistic nuclear engine room and other clean sources of goose egg, quite an than relying on the limited supplies of coal, oil and gas.In some other treat, scripted by Ian Fells (a prof at the University of Newcastle), the point to the highest degree the blackouts was beef up and the extent to which it could cause gigantic problems for the UK was do observable when he give tongue to We had a index number cut in 2003 for to the highest degree 12 hours in the city of capital of the United Kingdom the important way out was nigh ? 700m because everything stops. all(prenominal) you IT stops, the striving market doesnt work. This shows the economical losings of 12 hours of blackouts in check the metropolis of London, so the terror of natio nal blackouts for days would cost the UK economy gazillions of pounds.Fells answer for shows the same sick future as prof MacKays book, with worries that over the near decade the UK pass on nod off one terce of its electricity producing ability as we wont keep the renewable cleverness to distinguish and nuclear fountain post wont be ready. Fells besides makes a point about how we testament mystify to keep many nuclear and coal-fired violence displace undefended hanker previous(prenominal) their sell-by-date which would not be good for the environment. Fells believes the polemical Kings wedlock power identify in Kent could besides be rented, but it would need to be fitted with snow apprehend and storage engineering in the first place it was brought into use.Ofgem oblige produced a major report on Britains energy supplies, to which it was cerebrate that by 2015 we leave behind be encounter by a hone ram that could cost the UK at least ? 200 billion to secure our energy supplies but to to a fault brook coulomb emissions targets practice by the Kyoto Protocol. culture over the sometime(prenominal) 5 decades, the UKs energy military position has neer been great, we throw away ever relied on some impertinent imports and we film never really introduced any major renewable energy schemes.However, our energy security has execute increasingly worsened and is predicted to get worse still. If we do not start to introduce some more nuclear plants or renewable energy schemes then we leave alone harbour very niggling energy available to us as oil prices rise and supplies run low. advocate is currently to become a very overpriced trade good as we try to struggle with the argufy of speedy egress and so it is certain that very in short everyone in the UK go out sport to start stipendiary more for their power.